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| | | From: Hiel Troiye (Original Message) | Sent: 12/24/2003 12:00 PM |
| FOR INFORMATION AND GAME PURPOSES ONLY.
DO NOT POST TO THREAD. | 1. Agrimony Agrimonia eupatoria | Medicinal: An infusion of the leaves is used to treat jaundice and other liver ailments, and as a diuretic. It is also used in treating ulcers, diarrhea, and skin problems. Externally, a fomentation is used for athlete's foot, sores, slow-healing wounds, and insect bites.
Religious: Agrimony is used in protection spells, and is used to banish negative energies and spirits. It is also used to reverse spells and send them back to the sender. It was believed that placing Agrimony under the head of a sleeping person will cause a deep sleep that will remain until it is removed.
Growing: Agrimony is grown throughout much of the United States and southern Canada. It is a perennial that reaches 2 to 3 feet tall, prefers full sun and average soils. Agrimony tolerates dry spells well. | | 2. Alfalfa Medicago sativa | Medicinal: Eliminates retained water, relieves urinary and bowel problems, helps in treating recuperation of narcotic and alcohol addiction. Used in treating anemia, fatigue, kidneys, peptic ulcers, pituitary problems, and for building general health.
Religious: Placed in a small jar and kept in a pantry or cabinet, it protects the home from poverty and hunger. Burn alfalfa and scatter the ashes around the property to protect it.
Growing: Alfalfa is cultivated in many regions of the world. It is not picky as to soils, prefers full sun, and regular waterings, although it will tolerate dry spells. It is a perennial that grows to 1 to 3 feet tall, depending upon growing conditions. | | 3. Allspice Pimenta dioica | Medicinal: Allspice is used as a paste to soothe and relieve toothache, and as a mouthwash to freshen the breath.
Religious: Allspice encourages healing, and is used in mixtures to ask for money and good fortune.
Growing: Allspice comes from a tree that grows in Central and South America and the Caribbean, and prefers those climates. | | 4. Aloe Vera Aloe vera, Aloe spp. | Medicinal: The gel of the inner part of an aloe leaf is used to treat burns, skin rashes, and insect bites, as well as chafed nipples from breastfeeding, when applied to the affected area externally. Internally it can be used to keep the bowels functioning smoothly, or when there is an impaction, although it can cause intestinal cramping when taken internally, and there are other herbs that do this job better. It aids in healing wounds by drawing out infection, and preventing infection from starting. The fresh gel is best to use, rather than "stabilized" gels found in the stores. The fresh gel was used by Cleopatra to keep her skin soft and young.
Religious: Growing an aloe vera plant in the kitchen will help prevent burns and mishaps while cooking. It will also prevent household accidents, and guard against evil. It is reported that aloe was used to embalm the body of Christ.
Growing: Best grown indoors in pots. Those living in the deep South, as in southern Texas or southern Florida, can grow aloe outdoors. Remember that Aloe is a succulent, not a cactus, so it needs water to keep the leaves fleshy and juicy. | 5. Amaranth Amaranthus spp.
| Medicinal: Amaranth is used to battle stomach flu, diarrhea, and gastoenteritis. It was used by Native Americans to stop menstruation and for contraception. Applied externally, it can reduce tissue swelling from sprains and tick bites. Not to be used by pregnant or lactating women.
Religious: Amaranth is used to repair a broken heart. It is also associated with immortality, and is used to decorate images of gods and goddesses. It is sacred to the god Artemis. Woven into a wreath, it is said to render the wearer invisible. Also used in pagan burial ceremonies.
Growing: Amaranth is an annual, whose varieties grow from one to five feet tall. It does not transplant well, so sow it where you want it to grow. It is generally not picky about soil type, and tolerates heat and drought well. | | 6. Angelica Angelica archangelica | Medicinal: Angelica is a good herbal tea to take for colic, gas, indigestion, hepatitis, and heartburn. It is useful to add in remedies for afflictions of the respiratory system, as well as liver problems and digestive difficulties. Promotes circulation and energy in the body. It is often used to stimulate the circulation in the pelvic region and to stimulate suppressed menstruation. Angelica should not be used by pregnant women or diabetics.
Religious: Grow it in your garden as a protection for garden and home. The root is often used as a protective amulet, and has been used to banish evil by burning the leaves. It is also used to lengthen life, and is used in protection against diseases, as well as to ward off evil spirits. Adding it to a ritual bath will break spells and hexes. It has often been used to ward off evil spirits in the home.
Growing: Angelica needs rich, moist garden soil in partial shade. It prefers wet bottomlands and swamps, and prefers the cooler northern regions to grow best. It is a perennial that can reach up to 6 feet tall. | | 7. Anise Pimpinellaa anisum | Medicinal: Another good herb for colic, gas, and indigestion. It can also be used in herbal remedies for coughing, as it aids in loosening phlegm. It is the mildest of the herbs used for these purposes.
Religious: Anise mixed with bay leaves provides an excellent bath additive prior to ritual. Using anise in potpourri around the house wards off evil, and anise in your sleeping pillow at night will chase away the nightmares. The essential oil is used in ritual baths prior to any divination attempts. It is believed that hanging an anise seed head on your bedpost will restore lost youth.
Growing: Anise likes warm, sunny areas with well-drained, rich sandy soils. It is suitable for all areas of North America. It is an annual, and grows 1-2 feet high. It needs 120 days to produce fully ripened seed heads. | | 8. Aphni (Grass, weed) | The leaves of this plant are pressed into small bricks When chewed a light headed feeling is produced, and inhibitions are reduced in about 30 seconds. The effects last for about one hour. People who are intoxicated are -2 initiative. This plant is bushy, about a foot tall and has white and sometimes purple flowers. The average cost is about 1 gold and 5 silver for a one ounce brick. One brick can provide up to 4 doses. | | 9. Aphrodisiac | The 3 foot plant has white flowers. It looks much like a sunflower plant. The flowers are boiled and an amber juice is left behind. It is usually mixed into body lotions. The effects are lowered inhibitions and an extreme attraction to the opposite sex. It is mildly addictive, found in equatorial climates, but can be grown almost anywhere (must be sunny). The cost is 2 gold for one application (bottle of lotion). | | 10. Apple Pyrus spp. | Medicinal: Apples are used to treat constipation. The pectin in fresh apples can help to lower cholesterol levels, an aid in treating heart disease. Crushed apple leaves can be rubbed on a fresh wound to prevent infection.
Religious: Apple blossoms are used in love and healing incenses. An apple should be given to a lover as a present - you should eat one half, the lover the other. It is given as an offering on Samhain to the dead, since it is a symbol of immortality. Apple wood is used to make magickal wands. Pouring apple cider on the ground in your garden before you plant gives the earth life.
Growing: Apple trees grow over most of North America. They need a cool winter period, making them unsuitable for low desert or tropical regions. Check with your local nursery for varieties best suited to your area and growing conditions. | | 11. Astragalus Astragalus membranaceous | Medicinal: Astragalus strengthens metabolism and digestion, raises metabolism, aids in strengthening the immune system, and is used in the healing of wounds and injuries. It is often cooked with broths, rice, or beans for a boost to the healing energies during those illnesses that prevent one from eating normally. | | 12. Basil Ocimum basilicum | Medicinal: Basil is used to treat stomach cramps, vomiting, fevers, colds, flu, headaches, whooping cough, and menstrual pains. It is also used to reduce stomach acid, making it a valuable part of any treatment for ulcers, and a valuable addition to any recipe using tomatoes for those with sensitive stomachs. Externally, it can be used for insect bites, to draw out the poisons. It has been used in other countries to eliminate worms from the intestines, and the oil from basil leaves is applied directly to the skin to treat acne.
Religious: Basil protects from evil and negativity, and aids in attracting and keeping love. It is used for purification baths, and in wealth and prosperity rituals. Carrying a basil leaf in your pocket brings wealth, and if powdered basil is sprinked over your mate while they sleep, it is supposed to eliminate infidelity from your marriage.
Growing: Basil will grow in any well-drained, fairly rich soil, and full sun. It can be grown throughout most of North America. It is an annual, which reaches 2-3 feet tall. Pinch off the tips to promote bushiness and flower buds to maintain growth. | | 13. Bay Laurel Laurus nobilis | Religious: The leaves are burned to enhance psychic powers and to produce visions. Worn in an amulet, it will provide protection from evil and negativity. The leaves are used as decorations during the Yule season, and placed in your window it will protect against lightning striking your house. Write a wish on a bay leaf and then burn it if you want the wish to come true. Sprinkling the crushed leaves in your cupboards will keep out cockroaches and other insect pests. | | 14. Bayberry Myrica cerifera | Medicinal: Bayberry, taken in small doses, increases the vitality of your total body systems, improving circulation. It can also be used as a poultice over varicose veins to strengthen the blood vessels. A douche made of the tea is used for vaginal infections. Tea made of Bayberry is a good gargle for sore throat and tonsillitis.
Religious: The oil of Bayberry will bring prosperity and luck. | | 15. Bergamot Monarda citriodora | Medicinal: Also known as Oswego tea and Bee Balm. It is used to treat nausea and vomiting, and cold and flu relief. The essential oil is used to treat acne, coughs, fevers, tension, stress, and depression.
Magical: Used in money and success spells and rituals.
Growing: Bergamot grows to 2 feet tall, and is a member of the mint family, so grow it as you would a mint. | | 16. Bistort Polygonum bistorta | Medicinal: Bistort root, when ground and mixed with echinacea, myrrh, and goldenseal, is a great dressing for cuts and other wounds. It is also a powerful astringent, used by mixing a teaspoon in a cup of boiled water, and drunk several times a day, as a treatment for diarrhea and dysentery. The same mixture can be used as a gargle for sore throats. Bistort is good to drive out infectious disease, and is effective for all internal and external bleeding.
Religious: An amulet fashioned of the root of Bistort is carried when one wishes to conceive. Sprinkle an infusion of bistort around your home to keep out unwanted visitors of the mischievous variety, such as poltergeists, sprites, etc.
Growing: Bistort prefers damp soils, such as in cultivated fields. It is native to Europe, but has been grown in Nova Scotia and as far south as Massachusetts. It is a perennial that reaches up to 30 inches tall. | | 17. Black Cohosh Cimcifuga racemosa | Medicinal: Black Cohosh is useful in all conditions dealing with arthritis. It improves blood circulation, and is used in treating delayed and painful menstruation, and is often used in conjunction with other herbs in treating menopause symptoms. It should not be used during pregnancy. Black Cohosh can be poisonous in large doses. It contains a chemical much like estrogen, so those advised by their doctor's not to take the Pill shoud avoid using this herb.
Religious: Black Cohosh leaves laid around a room is said to drive away bugs, and to drive away negativity.
Growing: Black Cohosh grows in open woody areas. It needs good soil and partial to mostly shade to do well. It has been grown as far south as Georgia, and as far west as Missouri. It is a perennial which reaches 3 - 8 feet tall. | | 18. Blackberry Rubus villosus | Medicinal: A syrup made from the root is used to treat diarrhea and upset stomach (good for treating children). An infusion of the leaves is good for treating diarrhea and sore throat.
Religious: Blackberry leaves are used in money spells, as are the berries.
Growing: Blackberries are perennial vines that grow in many areas, depending on the variety. They require full sun, ver good air circulation, fertile soil that is kept moist, not soggy. Do not grow where you have grown other fruits or vegetables, to avoid transferring diseases to the young vines. Some varieties need pollinators, so check with your local nurseries to find a variety best suited to your needs and climate. | | 19. Blessed Thistle Cnicus benedictus | Medicinal: Blessed Thistle is used to strengthen the heart, and is useful in all remedies for lung, kidney, and liver problems. It is also used as a brain food for stimulating the memory. It is used in remedies for menopause and for menstrual cramping. Often used by lactating women to stimulate blood flow to the mammary glands and increases the flow of milk.
Growing: Blessed Thistle is generally found along roadsides and in wastelands. It is an annual, and reaches to 2 feet tall. Most folks consider this a pesky weed, so cultivation is not common. Try gathering some for yourself from the wild, if you dare the stickers - buying commercial is best! | | 20. Blue Cohosh Caulophylum thalictroides | Medicinal: Blue Cohosh is used to regulate the menstrual flow. It is also used for suppressed menstruation. Native Americans used this herb during childbirth to ease the pain and difficulty that accompany birthing, as well as to induce labor. This herb should not be taken during pregnancy, and should be taken in very small amounts in conjunction with other herbs, such as Black Cohosh.
Growing: Blue Cohosh grows best in deep, loamy, moist woodlands. The berry of this plant is poisonous, and the plant itself can irritate the skin. The root is the part used in herbal medicine. It has a range from southern Canada, as far south as the Carolinas, and as far west as Missouri. This herb is best purchased from the stores, rather than cultivated. | | 21. Boneset Eupatorium perfoliatum | Medicinal: Used for treating severe fevers, as well as flu and catarrh conditions. One to two tablespoons of the tincture in hot water is used for sweat therapy to break fevers.
Religious: An infusion sprinked around the house will drive away evil spirits and negativity.
Growing:Boneset prefers damp to moist rich soils. It is a North American native perennial that reaches 2 to 4 feet high, and grows in partial sun. | | 22. Borage Borago officinalis | Medicinal: Used for treating bronchitis, rashes, and to increase mother's milk. The infusion is used as an eyewash.
Religious: Carrying the fresh blossoms brings courage. The tea will induce your psychic powers.
Growing: Borage was once widely planted in gardens throughout Europe. It was brought to the United States, and now grows wild in much of the eastern half of the nation. It is an annual that grows in most soils, tolerates dry spells, and prefers full sun, reaching to 2 feet in height. | | 23. Burdock Arctium lappa | Medicinal: Burdock Root is used to treat skin diseases, boils, fevers, inflammations, hepatitis, swollen glands, some cancers, and fluid retention. It is an excellent blood purifier. A tea made of the leaves of Burdock is also used for indigestion. Very useful for building the systems of young women. Helps clear persistent teenage acne if taken for three to four weeks. Used with dandelion root for a very effective liver cleanser and stimulator.
Religious: Used to ward off all sorts of negativity, making it invaluable for protective amulets and sachets. Add to potpourri in the house. | | 24. Calendula (Calendula officinalis) | Family: Asteraceae
Common Names: ~Pot Marigold~ ~Summer's Bride~ ~Husbandman's Dial~ ~Mary's Gold~
Originating in Egypt, Calendula is a member of the marigold family and is valued for its medicinal and culinary properties. The word officinalis means ~medicinal~ and the Latin word ~calendae~ means ~throughout the months~ meaning that the ~plant flowers for many months.~ Calendula likes full sun but does poorly in hot weather. For centuries this plant was associated with the sun and believed to open with the sunrise and close with the sunset. Because the flower heads follow the paths of the sun (like sunflowers), the Calendula is sometimes called ~Summer's Bride~ or ~Husbandman's Dial.~ Early Christians called the Calendula ~Mary's Gold~ and placed them by the statues of the virgin Mary. Considered to be one of the most sacred herbs of ancient India, used in temples and weddings. The blossoms were strung into garlands and placed them around the necks of the gods.Calendula has been used to treat ulcers and other illnesses. It also helps speed the healing of wounds and was used during the Civil War. The Romans used Calendula, mixed with vinegar, for seasoning meat and in salads and preserves. Eating Calendula was thought to make one see fairies, be easily induced to sleep, or to feel more amorous. The dried flower heads are used to flavor soups. The flowers served as the original dye in cheeses and for coloring butter. | | 25. Calla Lily Zantedeschia spp. | Family: Araceae
Common Names: ~Calla Lily~ ~Trumpet Lily~
Calla Lilly a South African native is one of the oldest flowers known to man. It is said that as Eve left the Garden of Eden, lilies sprang from the earth where her tears of repentance fell. Throughout history, lilies have been a popular symbol in religion. Vase life for callas range between 5 - 7 days. | | 26. Campanula (Triodanis perfoliata) | Family: Campanulaceae (Bellflower family)
Common Names: ~Venus's-looking-glass~
Known as Venus's-looking-glass, which comes from a legend in which the goddess of love lost her magic mirror, which reflected nothing but beauty. A poor shepherd boy found the mirror and kept it. When Venus sent Cupid to retrieve her looking glass, it fell to the ground and accidentally shattered. Everywhere a piece landed, a beautiful Campanula began to grow. | | 27. Candlenut (Aleurites moluccana) | Family: Euphorbia
Hawaiian name: Kukui
The candlenut tree is native to Polynesia and South Seas Islands, Malaysia, the Malay Peninsula, and the Philippines. It can be found in the Gulf Coast of the United States.
This tree bears clusters of small, whitish flowers that are strung as lei, the symbol of the island Moloka`i. Leis made from polished kukui nuts are highly prized.
The ancient Polynesians brought this tree to the Hawaiian Islands where it has become naturalized. The dried nuts were cracked open and the seeds were skewered onto the midrib of a coconut frond and set on fire. The Polynesians used them for candles that burned for about 45 minutes. This is the reason for it's name ~candlenut tree.~
The nuts are smaller than walnuts and very oily. They are slightly poisonous when raw. However, safe to eat after they have been roasted. Oil from kukui nuts is used in varnish and paint oil, as a wood preservative, for soap making, waterproofing paper and insulating material. Native Hawaiians used the oil to light stone lamps. From the nuts, bark, and roots they produced a black dye for tattooing and painting war canoes. Canoes and fish net floats were made from the soft wood. Kukui trees also furnished a variety of medicines. All the parts of the kukui tree were used in the daily life of the Polynesian people. The candlenut tree, was adopted as Hawaii's state tree on May 1, 1959. The tree is a symbol of enlightenment. | | 28. - 29. Caraway (Carum carvi) | Family: Umbelliferae
Caraway is indigenous to Europe and native to parts of Asia, India, and North Africa. Its properties were recognized by the ancient Egyptians and early Greeks and Romans. Popular in the Middle Ages and in Shakespeare's day, it was said to prevent lovers from straying and was a favorite ingredient in love potions.
It is said that using caraway, keeps off any prospective burglar when placed amongst your valued possessions. If the thief did manage to get in the house, the caraway would transfix the person until rescue arrived. For women worried about their husbands wandering off with other women, place some in the pocket and the man will never wander. Same principle applies to pigeons, add a little in their food and they'll never want to find another coop. Plant if you want to prevent someone from leaving.
Caraway has been cultivated for thousands of years. Seeds found in Mesopotamian are at least 5000 years old. Caraway seed cake is a tradition in England. Hungarian herdsmen used the seeds to flavor their goulash, Germans flavored pork with it, and the Swedish put the seeds in bread.
Medicinal: Caraway aids digestion, can help promote menses, can increase a mother's milk, and is good to add to cough remedies as an expectorant.
Religious: Carry Caraway in an amulet for protection. Carrying caraway seeds promotes the memory. It can also guard against theft. It is said to promote lust when baked into breads, cookies, or cakes.
Growing: Caraway can be found in meadows, woods, and rocky areas. It prefers a rich soil. Native to Europe, Asia, and Africa, it also grows wild here in North America. It is a biennial that reaches 1 1/2 - 2 feet high. | | 30. Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) | Family: Caryophyllaceae
Common Names: ~Jove's Flower~ ~Pinks~ ~Gillies~ ~Gilliflower~ ~Sops-in-wine~
The name carnation comes from an old Italian word meaning ~complexion~ The earliest carnations bore flesh-coloured flowers, which gave rise to the name. Others say that it comes from the Greek word ~carnis~ meaning ~flesh~ also refering to the original color of the flower. Yet others state that Carnation comes from ~coronation~ or ~corone~meaning ~flower garlands~ as it was one of the flowers used in Greek ceremonial crowns. Scientifically the name comes from the Greek word ~Di~ meaning ~of Zeus~ and ~anthos~ meaning ~ a flower. ~ It was called Dianthus by the Greek botanist Theopharastus, meaning ~divine flower.~ Carnations are refered to as ~Pinks~ because the petal edges are serrated as though they have been cut with pinking shears.
Carnations were first discovered in the Far East. These flowers are widely mentioned throughout Roman mythology and appear in the natural history records of the Roman writer Pliny, back in 50 B.C. Cultivation of the carnation began in the late 13th century, by Roman monks. They were very important to the Greeks and Romans and became the symbol for the Romans at their peak in civilization. They were also known as ~Jove's flower~ in Rome because Jove was one of their most admired gods.
In ancient Greece they were the most adored flowers. According to a Christian legend, when Jesus was carrying the cross, Mary saw him and began to cry. Carnations began to grow where her tears fell.
According to superstition carnations could tell fortunes. In Korea, a cluster of three carnations were placed in a girls hair. Her fortune was told by the order in which the flowers died. If the bottom flower died first she would be miserable her entire life. However, if the top one died first her last years would be very difficult. Her earlier years in life would be hard if the middle flower died first.
It is a national symbol of Slovenia. In the16th century a red stylized carnation appeared as the Slovenian popular ornament. In the 19th century the Slovenians chose the carnation, as their most popular flower and it became ver significant and was used in embroidery, wood crafts, furniture, etc., always in red, combined with blue design. Among these, the cradle is one of the most typical works. It often has the Mary´s image or letters IHS with a carnation ornament. This sybolically means love to the child, a gift of God. The carnation pictures on a linenbox show the beauty and the richness of a bride's home. It appears also as a trimming on the girl's dresses, especially on their coifs and kerchiefs.
The red carnation represents charity and love. A corsage of flowers made up of carnation, rosemary and geraniums meant love, fidelity and hope. This corsage has been praised in Slovenian songs and used in popular customs. It was given to young men leaving for recruitment into the army, the girls fastened it on the boy´s breast.
In the countryside, especially in alpine areas, the carnation is found on window sills and balconies and ballustrades are full of carnation pots. The peasant house with carnation flowers is characteristic for the Slovenian land.
The scarlet carnation, the state flower of Ohio, had its beginnings in the city of Alliance. Dr. Levi L. Lamborn propagated French imported seedlings in 1866, naming the new flower Lamborn Red. The scarlet carnation was named the state flower of Ohio on February 3, 1904.
In 1867, Lamborn, a flower grower and politician, opposed William McKinley in the 18th Congressional District campaign. Despite their often heated discussions, at each debate Lamborn presented McKinley with a ~Lamborn Red~ boutonniere.
As McKinley became a political star, he spoke of the scarlet carnation as his good-luck flower. Later, when he became President, he wore one constantly, and at the White House, it was his custom to present each guest with a carnation from an ever-present bouquet on his desk. The carnation seemed to bring good fortune to President McKinley until September 14, 1901, when at the Pan American Exposition in Buffalo, NY, he took the boutonniere from his label and gave it to a young admirer. Moments later, he was killed by an assassin's bullet. The 12-year-old child who received McKinley's last scarlet carnation was Myrtle Ledger from Springbrook, NY. On April 8, 1959 the Ohio Legislature named Alliance the ~Carnation City~ the home of state flower.
The first mention of carnations was when the Crusaders were stricken with plague, in the 13th century, near Tunis. They mixed the leaves of carnations with wine and drank it to control the raging fevers. In his 16th century herbal, John Gerard wrote that the flowers of carnations and sugar, mixed to a conserve, was used to expel fevers and poison. Carnations were used for black hair dye and to flavor beer, ale, and wine.
According to an Italian legend, Margherita, a young woman fell in love with a knight whose name was Orlando. Margherita gave Orlando a white carnation, which he carried with him, when he was called to war. Orlando's blood stained the center of the white carnation when he was mortally wounded. The white carnation was returned to the heartbroken Margherita who planted the seeds. Every blossom that came from the seeds was white with crimson centers. Margherita remained true to Orlando forever and never married. It became a custom in Margherita's family to deliver to each baby girl born into the family, a vase of white carnations with crimson centers.
Florigene in Australia has developed a mauve carnation with a blue tinge. Carnation is the flower of the month of January. In 1907 a Pink Carnation became the symbol of Mother's love and was chosen as the emblem of Mother's Day. In Canada you wear a red flower if your mother is still alive or a white flower if your mother has died. In Victorian language of flowers, the carnation is a good-luck gift to a woman. This flower presses and dries well. The vase life of any Carnation is 14 - 20 days. | | 31. Cascara Sagrada Rhamnus purshiana | Medicinal: Used in treating chronic constipation, and is a stimulant to the whole digestive system. It is a safe laxative, and is useful for treating intestinal gas, liver and gall bladder complaints, and enlarged liver.
Religious: Sprinkled around the home before going to court, it will help you to win your case. It is ued in money spells and in repelling evil and hexes.
Growing: Cascara Sagrada is a tree that is native to the Pacific Northwest regions of North America. | | 32. Cat Tail (Typha latifolia) | Common names: ~Typha~
This marsh weed is a wild perennial plant that can be found in rice fields, swamps and marshes. It is a troublesome weed because it obstructs the flow of water and provides a breeding habitat for mosquitoes. It is also suspected to be poisonous to horses.It has many uses: the roots contain starch and used to make flour. They are consumed by Europeans as an asparagus-like vegetable. The down has been used to dress wounds and as a filling for upholstery. During World War I, it was used to manufacture artificial silk. Even the small seeds have been harvested as a source of drying oil. The leaves are use in basketry.
On the Pacific Coast, the cat tail is often called ~Tule-reed.~ However, the Tule and Typha are different plants. It is suitable for drying and the best method is freeze drying as the flowers retain their vibrant look for flower arranging. The flower won't shrivel or shrink as it may during other preservation processes. | | 33. Catnip Nepeta cataria | Medicinal: Catnip is effective alone or in herbal remedies for colds, flu, fevers, upset stomach, and insomnia. Particularly good for children with upset stomachs in a very mild infusion.
Religious: Use the large leaves, well dried, to mark pages in magickal books. Use in conjunction with rose petals in love sachets. It will also create a psychic bond between you and your cat. Grow near your home to attract luck and good spirits.
Growing: Catnip will grow in most soils, and tends to enjoy a bit of the dry spells once it is established. It grows throughout North America, and is a perennial reaching to 3 feet high. | | 34. Cat's Claw Uncaria tomentosa | Medicinal: Also known as una de gato. Used in treatment of arthritis, gastritis, tumors, dysentery, female hormonal imbalances, viral infections. It is effective in aiding treatment of the immune system, the intestinal system, and the cardivoascular system. This herb should not be taken by those who have received an organ transplant, nor by pregnant or nursing women. | | |
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| 35. Cayenne Capsicum spp. | Medicinal: Cayenne, also called capsicum, is very effective added to liniments for all sorts of arthritis and muscle aches. Internally it benefits the heart and circulation when taken alone or added to other remedies. It is also used to stimulate the action of other herbs. Capsicum is also used to normalize blood pressure. It will stop bleeding both externally and internally, making it excellent for use with ulcers. It is used in antibiotic combinations, for menstrual cramps, and as a part of treatment for depression. Sprinkle a small amount into socks or shoes to warm the feet during the winter months. It can be taken safely with NSAIDS, and may help you to reduce your dosages of these common arthritis drugs.
Religious: Cayenne pepper scattered around your house will break bad spells. Adding it to love powders will ensure that your love will be spicy, and can inflame the loved one with passion.
Growing: Cayenne pepper plants like a good, rich soil, plenty of water, and full sun. The peppers are dried after ripening. For herbal use, the peppers are usually ground into a powder and mixed with other powdered herbs in capsules. | | 36. Cedar Cedrus spp. | Religious: Cedar chips used in rituals or burnt attracts money, and is also used in purification and healing. It is a symbol of power and longevity. Hung in the home it will protect against lightning. Juniper can be used in place of cedar.
Growing: There are many types of cedars that grow throughout the world. Check with your local nursery for varieties best suited to your area. Cedars are evergreen perennials that are attractive in any landscape. | | 37. Celery (Apium graveolens L.) | Family: Apiaceae
The ancient Greeks regarded celery so highly that they used it in the same way as laurel, making wreaths to decorate the heads of successful athletes.
Celery is a ~yang vegetable~ said to raisie a man's virility. Celery and the root form celeriac are well known as erotic stimulants. It is supposed to have Powers of Lust, Mental and Psychic Powers. Chewing the seeds will aid in concentration. Used in spell pillows to induce sleep. The stalk, along with the seeds, induces lust when eaten. | | 38. Chaconia (Warszewiczia Coccinea) | Family: Rubiaceae
Common Names: ~Pride of Trinidad and Tobago~ ~Wild Poinsettia~
Chaconia, the national flower of Trinidad and Tobago is a wild, forest flower. Coincidentally, this flower blooms on every anniversary of the country's Independence Day ~August 31, 1962~. The Chaconia represents the imperishability of life and the continuity of the nation.
The Chaconia owes its botanical name, ~Warszewiczia coccinea~ to the Polish-Lithuanian plant collector, Joseph Warszewicz. The title ~Chaconia~ was given to it in honour of the last Spanish Governor of Trinidad, Don Jose Maria Chacon 1784-1797 | | 39. - 40. Chamomile Matricaria chamomilla (German chamomile), Anthemus nobilis (Roman chamomile) | Family: Compositae
Common Names: ~Ground Apple~ ~Roman Camomile~ ~Maythn~ ~Whig Plant~ ~English chamomile~ ~Perennial Chamomile~ ~Wild Chamomile~ ~Camomyle~ ~Chamaimelon~ ~ Maythen~ (Saxon) ~Heermannchen~ (German) ~Manzanilla~ (Spanish)
Native to Europe and the Mediterranean, the plant is aromatic, with a scent of apples, a characteristic noted by the Greeks, hence the name ~Ground-Apple~ ~kamai~ meaning ~on the ground~ and~ melon~ meaning ~an apple.~
Tea made from its flowers are medicinal and bitter. German chamomile, Matricaria recutita, is a gynecological herb, commonly used in the US. It produces a sweeter tea than Roman chamomile. In England, it was used as a strewing herb for its fresh fragrance. In Spain it was called ~Mananilla,~ signifying ~Little Apple~ and their sherry of this name is still flavoured with chamomile. An infusion of the flowers adds lustre to the hair. Dried flowers & leaves are added to pot pourri.
Dioscorides, a Greek physician in the Roman army, prescribed chamomile for upset stomachs, jangled nerves, and liver diseases. During the spring, ancient Greek physicians made lozenges out it's leaves, flowers, and roots, which were prescribed for snake bites.
It was used by the ancient Egyptians and the Moors. It is used in the treatment of numerous digestive complaints. The Egyptians reverenced it for its virtues, and from their belief in its power to cure ague, dedicated it to their gods. Its flowers were made into garlands worn by statues of deities in King Tut's tomb. Powdered chamomile flowers were sprinkled into the abdominal cavity of the mummy of Rameses II to act as an insecticide.
In ancient Assyria, Anthemis tinctoria, ~Dyer's chamomile~ was used for dyeing and was known as ~the gift of the field.~ The Anglo-Saxons, associated chamomile with the gods. Maythen was one of the Nine Sacred Herbs given to the world by the god Woden, as listed in the Lacnunga, an ancient Anglo-Saxon manuscript. 17th and 18th century herbalists say ~all parts of this excellent plant are full of virtue.~
It was called the ~Plant Doctor~ and planted near week plants. It is good for cabbages, and if planted a yard away, for onions as well. Sprinkle a light mulch of fresh or dried chamomile flowers at the base of the plant and water with hot water to treat plants suffering from transplant shock.
Chamomile is used to attract money, and a handwash of the infusion is sometimes used by gamblers to ensure winnings. The infusion is added to the bath to attract love. When Chamomile is sprinkled around the property, it removes curses and spells cast against you.
Medicinal: Use the tea for nerves and menstrual cramps. The tea is also useful for babies and small children with colds and stomach troubles. Also used to calm the body for inducing sleep in insomniac conditions. It is also a good wash for sore eyes and open sores.
Religious: Chamomile is used in prosperity charms to attract money. Added to incense, it will produce a relaxed state for better meditation. Burned alone it will induce sleep. Added to a ritual bath, it will attract love. Sprinkle it around your property to remove curses and bad spells.
Growing: Chamomile is an annual that adapts to most soils, likes lots of water and full sun. It grows up to 20 inches tall. | | 41. Chanana | These plants grow to about 5 inches high, the leaves are soft. The leaves are dipped into boiling water and laid across the burn. This not only soothes the pain of the burn, but it also heals it. When initially applied 3 hit points of burn damage are healed. All burn damage is healed at a double rate. The fresh leaves must be applies when the previous leaves dry out. | | 42. Cherry Blossoms (Prunus spp.) | Family: Rosaceae
Cherry blossom is the national flower of Japan, where it originated. The main characteristic of the cherry blossom is that when it falls, it does so at once. It symbolizes the militarism and Samurai spirit of the Japanese. There is no scent in cherry blossoms grown in Korea and the US. But, in Japan, people praise the scent of the cherry blossom and it is often spoken of in poems.
To honor its beauty, and short life span, the Japanese celebrate its arrival with a yearly festival. Friends gather under the trees to enjoy ~sake~ (rice wine), sing songs, and celebrate the coming of spring. It is used in wedding ceremonies because the Japanese love to enjoy the cherry blossom scent during happy occasions. Most events, such as an entrance ceremony or the starting of a company which relates with ~the start of life~ are held during ~the month of blooming cherry blossoms~ in April.
There is an expression that, ~A flower is a cherry blossom, a person is a Samurai.~ It means that when the Samurai faces danger, he is not afraid of death, because, like a cherry blossom, he will shrivel and fall at once, without hesitation. To the Japanese, this tree represents not only ascetic beauty, but also transience melancholy, and the honor of graceful resignation. Many references to the cherry blossom are found in Japanese poetry and literature. These trees have been offered by Japan as symbols of peace to the countries of the world. Cherry Blossoms now adorn the banks of the Potomac river, in Washington DC, and the remains of the Berlin wall. | | 43. Chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium) | Family: Umbelliferae
Common Names: ~Garden Chervil~ ~Salad Chervil~ ~Gourmet Parsley~ ~French Parsley~ ~Myrrhis~
Chervil comes from the Greek ~to rejoice~ because of its delightful scent. One of the traditional herbs in French cuisine, chervil is valued for its parsley-like flavor and its volatile oil. During the Middle Ages it was used to treat various ailments. Originally a native of Southeast Europe and Asia Minor, it was spread by the Romans, who planted it near all its many camps in the Roman empire. In folk medicine, this herb is used to tone up the blood and nerves. It is used for mental depression and poor memory. The juice from the fresh herb is used to treat skin ailments. | | 44. Chickweed Stellaria media | Medicinal: Chickweed is an excellent source of many B vitamins and various minerals. It is used to treat bronchitis, pleurisy, coughs, colds, and as a blood builder. Externally it is good for skin diseases, and the tea added to the bath is good for soothing skin irritations and rashes.
Religious: Chickweed is carried and/or used in spells to attract love and to maintain a relationship.
Growing: This annual spreading plant is usually hated as an obnoxious weed by the typical gardener. It is found throughout temperate areas of North America and of Europe, the plant's native homeland. It prefers full sun, average to poor soils, and infrequent watering. | | 45. Chicory (Cichorium intybus) | Family: Compositae
Common Names: ~Wild Cherry~ ~Wild Succory
The name ~succory~ came from the Latin ~succurrere~ meaning to ~run under~ because of the depth to which the root penetrates. It is said to be a corruption of Chicory or Ctchorium, a word of Egyptian origin. The Arabian physicians called it ~Chicourey.~Intybus, is a modification of another Eastern name for the plant ~Hendibeh.~
Chicory was credited with great magical powers, including invisibility and if you want to open a locked chest chicory could help you but only on July 25 ~St. James's Day.~ By holding a gold knife and chicory leaves against the lock, the lock picker would be successful, but only if working in silence or death would soon be upon him if a word was spoken. Credited with removing obstacles, the early American settlers used to carry a piece of this with them for good luck.
Succory was known to the Romans and eaten by them as a vegetable or in salads. In Belgium, the young and tender roots are boiled and eaten with butter. Chicory is also cultivated for fodder. | | 46. Chives (Allium schoenoprasum) | Family: Amaryllidaceae
Common Names: ~Rush Leek~ ~Civet~ ~Sweth~
Belongs to the onion family, growing wild in northern Europe, Greece, and Italy. Ancient civilizations have been familiar with it. It was rumoured that chives ~send up hurtful vapors to the brain.~
Chives made their way into America before 1806. Dutch settlers in America planted chives in their cow pastures to create chive-flavored milk. Bunches of chives were hung in homes to ward off evil spirits. Thousands of years ago, Chinese herbalists recommended eating raw chives as an antidote for poison and to control excessive bleeding.
The Romans cooked with chives, which are mentioned in the cookbook of Apicius. Chives became popular in Europe, in the 16th century gardens. Leaves are used in salads and as a garnish. The French consider chives a necessity in fine herbs. In the Language of flowers it means, Why are you crying? | | 47. Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) | Family: Asteraceae
Common Names: ~Flower of Happiness~ ~Mums~
Chrysanthemums are native to Europe, Asia, and North America. The name chrysanthemum was first heard in England in the late 1500's. Englishmen had been calling the flower ~corn marigold~ but when they began importing flowers from the Far East, the name changed to that of the Oriental species which was called ~chrysanthemum.~ The chrysanthemum genus is made up of 150 species, including the common daisy.
Named by Carl Linnaeus, it means ~golden yellow flower.~ The name is derived from the Greek word meaning ~Gold Flower,~ ~chrysos~ meaning ~gold~ and ~anthos~ meaning ~flower.~
Confucius wrote about chrysanthamums in 500 B.C. Cultivated over 3,000 years ago by the Chinese, the Chrysanthemum is also known as the~Flower of the East~ and the ~Flower of Life.~ Tao Yanming was the first historical breeder in 400 A.D. After his death, his native city was named ~Juxian~ meaning ~City of Chrysanthemums.~
Chrysanthemums were the favorites of the Nobility in China, and common people were not allowed to grow them. According to Chinese Feng Shui chrysanthemums bring happiness to your home.
The Asians consider it to be a sacred flower and the world's greatest chrysanthemum growers are the Japanese, who first got the flower from China at the end of the 4th century A.D. Three hundred years later, Japan's imperial emblem for ten centuries featured a golden chrysanthemum with sixteen petals.
A Japanese legend relates the story of the birth of the Empire of Japan. Twelve young maidens and twelve young men set out from China to find the ~herb of youth~ which they believed kept people eternally young. In order to trade for this herb, they carried with them baskets of chrysanthemums. When their ship wrecked near an uninhabited island, they swam ashore and planted the chrysanthemums. It was the first introduction of chrysanthemums to Japan. The imperial coat of arms of Japan shows a golden chrysanthemum with sixteen petals. It is carved on the throne of Japan's Emperor and in many Chinese artifacts. The greatest honour for a person, is to obtain the ~Order of the Chrysanthemum in Japan.~
According to a German legend, one cold, Christmas Eve in Germany's Black Forest, a peasant family was sitting down to a meager meal when they heard a wailing sound. When they opened the door and found a beggar who was blue with cold. They wrapped him in blankets and shared their food. Instantly, the blankets were shed, revealing a man in shining white clothes with a halo around his head. Proclaiming himself the Christ Child he left. The next morning, outside the door where he had stood, were two white chrysanthemums. Today, many Germans bring white chrysanthemums into their homes on Christmas Eve, believing that by doing so they are sheltering the Christ Child.
In China, chrysanthum petals are eaten in salads to increase longevity. The Chinese serve Chrysanthemum tea as a cure for headaches or depression. The Koreans boil the flower's roots to make a tea to cure vertigo. It is the national flower of Japan. A special day in Japan, Chongyang, celebrated on 9th September, in its honour. People of Malta and Italy think it is unlucky to have the flower indoors. It is associated with funerals and All Saints Day. Chrysanthemum Symbolises Optimism and Happiness.
It is the Flower of November (Occidental)
It is the Flower of October (Chinese)
It is the Flower of September (Japanese) | | 48. - 49. Cinnamon (Cinnamonum verum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum) | Family: Lauraceae
Common Names: ~True Cinnamon~ ~Baker's Cinnamon~ ~Sweet Wood ~
One of the oldest known spices, cinnamon is mentioned in the Bible and in Sanskrit writings. Cinnamon is native to Sri Lanka and comes from the tropical evergreen laurel tree, Cinnamomum zeylanicum. The spice is the tree bark, rolled into sticks or ground to powder. Known as ~true cinnamon~ as opposed to Cassia Cinnamomum cassia which is commonly used as ~cinnamon~ in the United States.
Cinnamon oil was used as part of a holy anointing oil by the ancient Hebrews. To decorate ancient Roman temples, the leaves of the cinnamon tree were woven into wreaths and hung. The Egyptians used cinnamon oil during the mummification process. It is believed to have the powers for healing, love, lust, power, protection, spirituality, and success.
When cinnamon is burned as an incense, it raises high spiritual vibrations, aids in healing, draws money, stimulates psychic powers and produces protective vibrations. It is also used in sachets and infusions for these pruposes. Records in stone indicate that the Egyptian Pharoah Rameses III offered 246 bundles and 86 measures of cinnamon to the gods and goddesses on one occasion, and on another occasion 3,036 logs of the same rare spice. Cinnamon was also used in embalming. Medicinally, cinnamon has been used for thousands of years in the East for such complaints as colds, flu, digestive problems and as a general stimulant.
Cinnamon was also used by the Chinese to purify the temples and the Egyptians to make an area holy. Few cinnamon sticks tied over the door of your home are another good protective charm.
Medicinal: Add cinnamon to remedies for acute symptoms, as this herb is a stimulant to other herbs and the body, enabling herbal remedies to work faster. It is also a blood purifier, an infection preventer, and a digestive aid. Do not ingest cinnamon oil.
Religious:Burned in incense, cinnamon will promote high spirituality. It is also used to stimulate the passions of the male. It should also be burned in incenses used for healing. The essential oil is used for protection. | | 50. Clover (Trifolium spp.) | Family: Leguminosae
Common Names: ~Shamrock~ ~Trefoil~ ~Three-leaved Grass~ ~St. Patrick's Herb~ ~White Clover~ ~Red Clover~ ~Rabbit-Foot Clover~
The shamrock dates back to ancient Druids who used the Celtic name ~seanrog~ meaning ~little clover.~ It changed to ~shamroag~ and then to ~shamrock.~ In the Middle Ages it was seen as the symbol of the Trinity because it had three leaflets. Legend has it that when St. Patrick reached the Emerald Isle in the 5th century, he used three-leafed clovers to teach the Christian doctrine of the Trinity. It is said that Biblical sheep grazed upon it. Native to the Mediterranean region, the plant was called ~clava~ by the Romans, after their term for Hercules' mythological three-knobbed club. In Britain, it became the Anglo-Saxon ~cloefer~ or ~cloeferwort~ wort indicating a plant of medicinal virtue.
Tiny posts of bright green shamrocks appear on St. Patrick's Day. The small pale white and pink flowers have been used in healing ointments since ancient times. Three-leaf clovers, are important in weddings and matters of love. Symbolizing a prosperous, joyous, long marriage with happiness and good fortune, it is said to protect the household. No bride should go down the aisle without clovers present in both shoes.
Clover was an ancient protective herb. The Druids considered the trefoils, symbolic of the eternal verities of Earth, Sea and Sky. This is why most charms are repeated thrice. The Celts saw the clover as a sacred, magical plant. It is sometimes referred to Mary. The 4-leafed clover is a sign of good luck. The 5- leafed clover is seen as a token of good marriage. Clovers with more than 4 leaflets are seen as un-favorable. Considered good luck omens a four-leafed clover is a charm against snakes, witches, the devil and other dangerous creatures. Besides, it is said to give the gift of second sight enabling one to see fairies.
Common wild red clovers Trifolium pratense, are used as a tonic tea or skin wash. High in vegetable protein, red clover is a valuable forage crop.
Clover is seen as a sign of vitality. In the language of flowers clover means ~think of me~ or ~be mine~ | | 51. Clover, Red Trifolium pratense | Medicinal: Red Clover is used as a nerve tonic and as a sedative for exhaustion. It is used to strengthen those children with weak systems, and is used with children for coughs, bronchitis, wheezing, as it is mild to their systems. It is often used in combination with many other drugs in the treatment of cancer. It is also used for skin eruptions (acne).
Religious: Clover brings luck, prsperity, and health. Carrying a three-leaf clover gives you protection. Worn over the right breast it will bring you success in all undertakings.
Growing: Grow clover as you would lawn grasses. Clover is an excellent cover crop, planted in fallow areas and turned under in the fall, it makes an excellent fertilizer for poor soils. | | 52. Cloves Eugenia caryophyllata | Medicinal: Clove oil will stop a toothache when it is applied directly to the cavity. It is very warm and stimulating to the system, and is very useful with people who have cold extremities. Cloves will promote sweating with fevers, colds, and flu. It is often used in remedies for whooping cough. Cloves are also safe and effective for relieving vomiting during pregnancy.
Religious: Cloves worn in an amulet will drive away negativity and hostility, and stop gossip. It is often carried to stimulate the memory, and can be added to attraction sachets. Clove oil is also worn as an aphrodisiac, and the buds when eaten are said to stir up bodily lusts. It is placed in sachets with mint and rose to chase away melancholy and to help one sleep soundly. Carried, it can also bring comfort to the bereaved and mourning. | | 53. Cockscomb (Celosia cristata) | Family: Amaranthaceae
Celosia is a word from the Greek meaning ~burned~ describing the color of the flower. It is native to warm regions of Africa. Cockscomb tolerates dry, porous soils and likes full sun. It has large spikes, resembling a rooster's comb with colors of yellow, orange, pink, or gold. Blooming from midsummer to fall, the flowers last long and are used as cut or dried flowers, in borders, beds, and edging. | | 54. Coltsfoot Tussilago farfara | Medicinal: Used to treat respiratory problems, and is soothing to the stomach and intestines. Combine with horehound, ginger, and licorice root for a soothing cough syrup.
Religious: Coltsfoot is added to love sachets and is used in spells of peace and tranquility.
Growing: Coltsfoot is a perennial that prefers damp, clay soils. It grows 5 to 18 inches high, and likesfull to partial sun. | | 55. Columbine (Aquilegia canadensis) | Family: Ranunculaceae (Buttercup family)
Columbine is one of the most beautiful wildflowers. The plants are found growing in thin soil in limestone outcroppings, sometimes from a crack in the rocks. Columbine is the symbol of foolishness, based on the flower's resemblance to a jester's cap and bells. It was considered bad luck to give this flower to a woman. Fallen spurs of the columbine looked like the Virgin Mary's Shoes and received that name. They were said to have sprung up where Mary's feet touched the earth when she was on her way to visit Elizabeth. The spurred flowers resembled the tiny doves and came to represent the Holy Spirit. The flower also symbolized the innocence of Mary. The petals of the Columbine symbolize the seven gifts of the Spirit. The wild columbine has only five petals. | | 56. - 57. Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) | Family: Boraginaceae
Common Names: ~Boneset~ ~Bruisewort~ ~Knit Back~ ~Knit Bone~ ~Slippery Root~ ~Black Wort~ ~Healing Herb~ ~Miracle Herb~ ~Wallwort~ ~Ass Ear~ ~Nipbone~ ~Salsify~ ~Consound~ ~Gum Plant~ ~Invisible Vet~ ~Consolida~
Comfrey gets it's name from the Latin word ~conferva~ meaning ~knitting together~ from the plant's power to heal broken bones. Its botanical name, Symphytum, means ~grown together.~
Native of Russia, comfrey has long been used for food and medicinal purposes. The Greeks and Romans used comfrey for a variety of ailments ranging from external application for wounds and fractures to stomach disorders.
Comfrey is commonly used to make tea. It is also useful as a slug trap. It has the ability to clean and extract nutrients from stagnant or foul water. Its long tap roots can go as deep as 10 feet enabling it to accumulate minerals in its' leaves. It has been promoted in the past as a forage crop. Comfrey is used as fodder for livestock and gardeners state that it enriches compost.
Good for any magical healing. Worn or carried, it ensures safety during travel. To ensure the safety of your luggage while traveling, tuck a peice of the root into each bag. The root is used in money spells.
Medicinal: A poultice of comfrey heals wounds, burns, sores, and bruises. It is a powerful remedy for coughs, ulcers, healing broken bones and sprains, and is used in treating asthma. Large amounts or dosages can cause liver damage, but there are no problems with using it externally. Used internally, it is best and safest to use a tea, rather than capsules.
Religious: Carrying comfrey during travel will ensure your safety. Put some in your luggage to prevent it being lost or stolen. It will also bring luck to the carrier.
Growing: Comfrey prefers well-drained soils and partial shade. It grows from Canada to Georgia, as far west as Missouri, in the wild. It is a perennial that grows to 3 feet high. It can be started from seed, but you will be more successful with cuttings. Once established, it will spread vigorously. Harvest leaves when the flowers bud, and roots in the autumn after the first frost. | | 58. Compass Flower (Silphium laciniatum) | Family: Asteraceae (Compositae)
~Silphium~ is a Greek word relating to its ~resinous juice~ and ~laciniatum~ is Latin for ~slashed.~ This flower lifts its head from the meadow and its leaves point to the north like a magnet. It is said that the finger of God is suspended on its fragile stalk, to direct the traveler's journey. It was used as a tonic and was used by settlers for the treatment of rheumatism and glandular enlargements. The upper third of the stems produce a gummy material when the plant is in bloom. This gummy material was used by American Indians and pioneer children as chewing gum. | | 59. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) | Family: Umbelliferae
Common Names: ~Cilantro~ ~Chinese Parsley~ Indian Name: Dhania
It originated in southern Europe and reached other parts of the world centuries ago. It is one of the most common herbs in the Middle East and Mexico. Coriander was named after the bedbug emitting the same odor. Its use dates back to 5,000 BC. References to coriander are found in ancient Sanskrit texts, Egyptian papyrus records (coriander seeds were placed in Egyptian tombs), and the Bible. The herb is recorded in the Han Dynasty in China. Coriander plants were growing in Massachuessetts by the 1600's, and are one of the first herbs grown by the American colonists. In the 17th century Frenchmen used distilled coriander to make a type of liquor.
Ancient Hebrews in their Passover meal and ancient Romans used cilantro to cure meat. In One Thousand and One Arabian Nights, it is described as an aphrodisiac. Ancient Egyptians and Greeks also believed that it had aphrodisiacal properties. Dioscorides, a Greek physician, believed ingesting coriander spice could heighten a man's sexual potency.
Coriander has lacy-fern-like leaves with little white flowers. All parts of the plants are used for culinary purposes. The seeds are used in flavoring many dishes, the leaves are added to salads, and the roots are cooked like a vegetable. Cilantro is one of the most common herbs in Mexican cooking.
In the Middle Ages it was used in love potions and spells and when added to wine. The Chinese believed it imparted immortality. It was thought that when an expecting lady eats coriander, the child to be will be a genious.
The seeds are used in making teas used as a digestive aid. The oil from the seeds is used to disguise the flavors of other medicines and the oil is also used in oinments for painful rheumatic joints and muscles. | |
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| 60. Cornflower Centaurea cyanus | Medicinal: Juices from the stems of this plant are used externally to treat wounds and cuts.
Religious: Cornflower is used to promote and enhance phsychic sight, as well as normal eyesight.
Growing: Cornflower is adaptable to many soils and conditions. It is an annual that grows 1 - 2 feet tall. | | 61. Cosmos (Cosmos bipinnatus) | Family: Asteraceae
Native from Mexico to Brazil, Cosmos means ~orderly,~ ~beautiful~ and ~ornanmental~ in Greek. Cosmos are used as background plants or as cut flowers. They bloom in the early summer to frost. They disperse readily through seed. | | 62. Cowslip (Primula veris) | Family: Primulaceae
Common Names: ~Paigle~ ~Peagles~ ~Primrose~ ~Herb Peter~ ~Key Flower~ ~Our Lady's Keys~ ~Key of Heaven~ ~Herb Peter~ ~Primrose~
The origin of Cowslip is a corruption of ~Cow's Leek~ derived from the Anglo-Saxon word ~leac~ meaning a ~plant.~ It is called ~Key Flower~ as it resembles ~a bunch of keys,~ the emblem of St. Peter. It was also called ~Herb Peter.~ According to legend, one day, St. Peter heard a rumor that people were trying to enter heaven by the back door, instead of the front gates of which he holds the key. He was so agitated at this lack of reverence, that he dropped his bunch of keys, which fell to earth, took root and cowslips bloomed which in Germany are known as ~Himmelschlüsselchen,~ meaning the ~little keys of heaven.~ In Norse mythology the flower was dedicated to Frcya, the Key Virgin. In northern Europe the idea of dedication to the goddess was transferred with the change of religion, and it became dedicated to the Virgin Mary, so it is called ~Our Lady's Keys~ and ~Key of Heaven~ and ~Keyflower.~
The mysterious number of petals represent women. They symbolize birth, consummation and death. It was held sacred by Druids. Primroses were considered fairy flowers in Ireland and Wales. They represented wantonness in England. Fairies love and protect cowslips. Touching a fairy rock with a primrose posy opens the way to fairyland and fairy gifts. Using the wrong number of flowers in the posy spells certain doom. It is used for love spells and for protection. Also for healing and youth to find treasures, especially hidden fairy gold.
The flowers are used for making Cowslip wine. Primrose pottage was made by boiling pounded flowers, honey, almond milk, saffron, rice flour and powdered ginger. It was served garnished with flowers. Leaves are edible, fresh or cooked, made into tea or wine.
Children make Cowslip Balls, or ~tosties~ from the flowers. The umbels are picked off close to the top of the main flowerstalk and about fifty to sixty are hung across a string which may be stretched for convenience between the backs of two chairs. The flowers are then pressed carefully together and the string tied tightly so as to collect them into a ball. | | 63. Cramp Bark Viburnum opulus | Medicinal: Cramp Bark is one of the best female regulators in the herb world. It is a uterine sedative, aiding in menstrual cramps and afterbirth. It helps to prevent miscarriage, as well as internal hemmorhaging. | | 64. Crocus (Crocus sativus) | Family: Iridaceae
Saffron is mentioned in a writing on papyrus about 1500 before Christ. It was widely grown from Crete to England, where its stigmas were used for herbal and medicinal purposes. The crocus was greatly valued in the ancient world. In India it's called kesar and highly prized. A flower of ritual and ornament, it was also used as food and as a source of dye and was connected with ceremonies. Its petals were scattered on the ground at social gatherings and on the matrimonial bed after a wedding. Crocus essence was used as a perfume and the stamens of autumn-flowering Crocus sativus are the source of saffron.
According to legend, young Crocus was a shepherd boy of fine and noble spirit. He fell deeply in love with the lovely nymph Smilax. The gods were so impressed with the depth of his devotion, that they granted him immortality and turned him into a flower. To ensure that they could be forever together, Smilax was transformed as an evergreen, the yew.
According legend about the crocus is connected to Valentine's Day. Valentinus was a 3rd century Roman physician who administered natural remedies. He was also a practicing Christian priest and prayed for his patients' healing. Unfortunately, Christian practices were not permitted under the reign of Claudius II, and Valentine was arrested and sentenced to death.
The jailor's blind daughter was one of Valentine's patients. Just before his excecution, Valentine handed the jailor a note for the blind girl. In the note, he had wrapped a yellow crocus, the source of one of his healing herbs, saffron. As the jailor's blind daughter opened the note, her sight was restored and the first flower she saw was the yellow crocus which rivals the sun in its brightness. On the note, the physician had penned the following message:
~From your Valentine.~ It was the physician's last message and the world's first valentine. The day was February 14, 270 AD. | | 65. Cupid's Dart (Catananche caerulea) | Family: ~ Asteraceae~
Common Names: ~Cupidone~
The name for this plant comes from the Greek word for ~spell~ and ~compulsion.~ The flower was thought to inspire passion like Cupid's heavenly arrows. It is suitable for drying. The flower was used in love potions. | | 66. Daffodil (Narcissus spp.) | Family: Amaryllidaceae
Common Names: ~Narcissus~ ~Jonquil~
Daffodil, Narcissus and Jonquil were once separate flowers. Interbreeding and hybridizing produced more than 5,000 varieties, in 11 main categories. It was brought to Britain by the Romans, who mistakenly believed that its sap could heal wounds. Daffodil sap contains sharp crystals that prevent animals from eating the flower. The name, ~narcissus~ comes from a Greek word meaning ~to numb.~ It was given this name because if one is enclosed in a small space with the flower, the scent will induce a headache. Narcissus the first flowers of spring, declare that spring has returned. Both the Greeks and Egyptians related the flower with death. The Egyptians often hung wreaths of narcissus during funerals. In medieval Europe, it was believed that if a daffodil drooped when you looked at it, it was an omen of death. The Arabians used this flower as an aphrodisiac. According to a Greek myth, a young wood nymph named Echo fell in love with Narcissus. Narcissus was bestowed with great beauty, by the gods. In order to keep his beauty and youth he was not supposed to look at his own reflection. He became so self-conceited with his beauty that he did not bother about Echo, who was consumed by love, until all that was left of her was her voice. The goddess Nemesis led the vain Narcissus to a shimmering lake. There, he looked at his reflection and faded. The gods, however, thinking that Nemesis was too harsh, decided to change his sentence by turning him into a flower, the NarcissusPoultry keepers thought the flower was unlucky and would not allow it in the home as they believed it would stop their poultry laying eggs or the eggs hatching. A superstition in Maine, states that you will cause a daffodil not bloom if you point at it with an index finger. Chinese Feng Shui however, believes the flower brings good luck for the next twelve months if forced to bloom during the New Year.It is the national flower of Wales because it blooms on 1st March, the feast day of the patron saint of Wales, St. David. Prince Charles is paid one Daffodil annually as rent for the unattended lands of Scilly. The local Environmental Trust is responsible for the payment. The daffodil is the American Cancer Society's symbol of hope that a cure for cancer will be found. They believe it symbolises new hope and life.
Daffodils have a short vase-life of 4 - 8 days.
Flower of March, Flower of Easter
Symbolises ~Unreturned Love~ and stands for Vanity and Egoism. In psychoanalysis, narcissism is excessive self-love. | | 67. Dahlia (Dahlia spp.) | Family: Asteraceae
Common Names: ~Bishop of Llandaff~
Dahlias are named after Dr. Anders Dahl, a Swedish botanist and a pupil of Linnaeus. Unitl recently they were also called ~Georginas~ after the botanist Johann Georgi of Petersburg. The name is still used in eastern Europe. The history of their introduction is confusing. Spanish invaders sent them home to the Old World, but dahlias did not, take European gardeners by storm. In the early 19th century seeds were sent to Berlin, where they were named after Dahl. When they returned to the New World, they were known as ~Mexican Georginas.~
Dahlias are native to Mexico and South America, and were first recorded by Westerners in 1615, when they were called by their Mexican name, ~acoctli.~ They disappeared from record until 1787 when a botanical expedition sent seeds back to their headquarters in Europe. Their existence was kept secret for another ten years. The Aztecs, who called Dahlias ~cocoxochitl~ and used it as a treatment for epilepsy.
The first dahlias to make their way from Mexico were in Empress Josephine's garden at Malmaison. Josephine was very protective of her dahlia collection. During that time, a good dahlia could be traded for a diamond. Fearing the rare tubers might fall into someone else's hands, she alone cared for the plants. When one of her loyal ladies-in-waiting hatched a plot to get a tuber, Josephine banished her and ordered the dahlias to be destroyed. Being weeds, dahlias soon reproduced themselves.
The scientists looked at the dahlia as a possible source of food because a disease in the early 1840's had destroyed the French potato crop. However after tasting the dahlia they gave up the idea and decided just to grow it for its beauty. Before insulin was discovered diabetics were often given a substance called Atlantic starch or diabetic sugar made from dahlia tubers.
There is story from the eighteenth century concerning love and dahlias. Sir Godfrey Webster was living in Florence with his wife when Lord Holland came to town. Lady Webster eloped with Lord Holland and in 1796 their first son was born. The love affair between the two blossomed into a long and happy marriage. From 1800 and 1805 they lived in France and in Spain where Lady Holland first saw dahlias that had reached Spain about 15 years before. She sent some home to England and it is on the strength of that shipment that she is given credit for the introduction of the dahlia into England.
Dahlia is the official flower of San Francisco. | | 68. Daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) | Family: Composite
Common Names: ~Ox-Eye Daisy~ ~Golden Marguerites~ ~Horse Gowan~ ~Butter Daisy~ ~Field Daisy~ Dun Daisy~ ~Button Daisy~ ~Horse Daisy~ ~Bull Daisy~ ~Midsummer Daisy~ ~Poorland Daisy~ ~Maudlinwort~ ~Dutch Morgan~ ~Moon Flower~ ~Moon Penny~ ~Poverty Weed~ ~White Man's Weed~ ~Herb Margaret~ Dog Blow~
A simple flower, the ox-eye daisy is complex and contradictory. Its name is not its own; daisy means ~day's eye~ in reference to a pink English flower that closes at night and opens in the sunlight. Ox-eye daisy remains open around the clock. Its scientific name, ~Chrysanthemum leucanthemum~ means ~golden white flower.~ Assyrians believed that it was intended to cure eye troubles and many prescriptions have been found with recipes on its use for eye problems. Assyrians also crushed daisies and mixed them with oil to turn grey hair, dark.
Daisies were known in the 1940's as ~Leucanthemum vulgare~, a term first used in 1778. In 1949 it was identified as Leucanthemum vulgare var. pinnatifidum, which means ~common white flower with feather-like leaves. ~ Linnaeus, who gave the plant its scientific name, said that sheep, horses and goats ate the plant, but cows and pigs avoided it. Cows have been known to eat them, but dairy farmers dislike the taste of milk from cows that have eaten daisies.
Beautiful gold hairpins, ending in a daisy like ornament, were found when the Minoan palace was excavated. They are believed to be more than four thousand years old. Five hundred years later a game board, bordered by a design of yellow and white daisies was found. Numerous daisies are to be found on ceramics in Egypt as well as elsewhere throughout the Middle East.
In Christianity, it became the plant of St. Mary Magdalen and was called the ~Maudelyn~ or ~Maudlin daisy.~ ~Flower Of Innocence,~ the daisy was feared and hated for its tendency to take over crop fields and gardens. The Scots, called them ~gools~ and appointed gool-riders to remove the daisies from wheat fields. The farmer found to have the biggest crop of gools had to pay a fine of a castrated ram.
According to an ancient Celtic legend, daisies came from the spirits of children who died at birth. To cheer up their parents, God sprinkled the flowers all over the earth. This legend is the reason why daisies have the meaning of innocence.
The ancients dedicated it to Artemis, the goddess of women. In Wales during the Middle Ages, daisies were used to cure insanity, treat smallpox, tumors, jaundice and skin disease.
The Countess of Kent practiced medicine in her home. She invented the ~Countess of Kents powder,~ with the common daisy and other expensive drugs, for malignant and pestilent diseases. It was expensive and beyond the means of common sufferers. King Henry VIII ate daisies to relieve his stomach ulcer pain.
Children used to construct something called ~white-capped old women~ out of them and also make daisy chains. English children used to pluck the flower heads, slide them onto pieces of straw, and wear them in hats. Daisies have been used in heraldry. ~Marguerite,~ the French word for daisy, is derived from a Greek word meaning ~pearl.~ Francis I called his sister Marguerite of Marguerites and she used the daisy as her device, so did Margaret of Anjou the wife of Henry IV and Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry VII. St. Louis is said to have had a daisy engraved on a ring he wore. The ring, claimed the king, represented all that he held most dear: religion, France and his wife, Margurite.
There is an old English saying that spring has not come until you can set your foot on twelve daises. Dreaming of daisies in the spring or summer is good but if in the fall or winter it is bad luck. Everyone knows the ~he loves me, he loves me not~ rhyme with which one learns the fate of a romance by plucking a daisy's petals. Eating the roots is said to stunt a child's growth, but eating three of the blossoms after a tooth extraction means one will never have another toothache. King Henry VIII ate dishes of daisies to relieve himself from his stomach-ulcer pain. In Italy, the young leaves, though small, were eaten in salads.
The Lakeside daisy is an endangered daisy. It occurs only in the Lakeside Daisy Preserve, in the state of Ohio, USA, and only at two other sites, both in Ontario, Canada. | | 69. Dalvave | This plant is no larger than a half foot tall, and grows in meadows and clearings. The felt like leaves are cut up and boiled, the sap-like stuff left behind is applies to the wound. It restores 4 hit points per day, and must be reapplied daily. | | 70. Damiana Turnera diffusa | Medicinal: Damiana is used to regulate the female cycles. It is also used to stimulate the sexual appetite. It is good for urinary problems and nervousness, as well as hypertension.
Religious: Damiana is used in infusions to incite lust, and is burned to produce visions. | | 71. - 73. Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) | Family: Composite
The Dandelion is native to Southern Europe. The name comes from the French ~dent de lion~ because the pointed leaves resemble a lion's tooth. The anglicised version became ~dandelion.~
Dandelion is a well-known for it's yellow daisy-like flower. When the flower withers, a soft ball of white downy seeds are left for the wind to scatter. It is a troublesome garden weed and difficult to eradicate.
Young dandelion leaves are used in salads, vegetables and soups. Dandelion flowerheads are used make wine. The roots, dried, roasted and ground, make a delicious drink. Burdock and dandelion leaves combine to make a drink to increase the appetite. Dandelion is a tonic herb, diructic and slightly laxative when taken internally.
Dandelion root -- These roots stimulate a sluggish liver. To use, one must cut the roots into small pieces and simmer for 29 minutes, strain and drink.
Medicinal: Dandelion benefits all functions of the liver. It clears obstructions (such as stones) and detoxifies poisons that gather in the liver, spleen, and gall bladder. It will also promote healthycirculation. The juice from a broken leaf stem can be applied to warts and allowed to dry; used for 3 days or so it will dry up the warts. It is also used to treat premenstrual syndrome, as it is a diuretic. It has been shown to reduce cholesterol and uric acid. Dandelion also helps clear skin eruptions when used both internally and externally. It is a rich source of potassium, and contains more vitamin A than carrots.
Religious: It is a sign of rain when the down from a ripened dandelion head falls without wind helping it to do so. To blow the seeds off a ripened head is to carry your thoughts to a loved one, near or far.
Growing: Dandelion is a common yard, garden, and roadside weed. Do not gather where chemicals have been used, and don't gather those near roadsides, as they have been contaminated from exhausts. | | 74. Daphne (Daphne spp.) | Family: Thymelaeaceae
Common Names: ~Spurge Laurel~ ~February Daphne~ ~Rose Daphne~ ~Garland Flower~ ~Lady Laurel~
Found in the Philippines, Japan and Taiwan, Daphne odora was grown in Chinese gardens during the Sung period, 960-1279 AD. Its genus name ~Daphne~ is the Greek name for a ~bay tree.~
According to legend Daphane was a young beautiful nymph, daughter of the river god Peneus. She was a hunter who dedicated herself to Artemis, goddess of the hunt and refused to marry. She was pursued by many admirers but she rejected every lover, including the powerful son of Zeus, Apollo. Apollo fell in love with Daphne and when she refused his advances, he pursued her through the woods. Daphne became frightened and prayed to her father for help. Her father told her that he would protect her by transforming her into a Laurel Tree on the bank of his river ~Greek daphne.~ When Apollo came looking for Daphne her father told him that she was transformed into a Laurel tree. Apollo then took from her branches and made a wreath as a memory of her beauty and his love for her. Apollo made the laurel his sacred tree. He appropriated the laurel wreath for champions and for those who strived for excellence in their chosen fields, i.e. in the ancient Olympics Games, all the champions were crowned with Daphne.
Another version of Apollo's instant love for Daphne was the cause of a trick played by Cupid who struck Apollo with one of his golden arrows when he first saw the nymph, and her with a lead arrow when she noticed his advancement. | | 75. Daylily (Hemerocallis) | Common Name: ~Daylily~ ~Tawny Lily~ ~Lemon Lily~
The botanical name comes from the Greek ~hemera~ meaning ~day~ and ~kalles~meaning ~beauty~ because the flowers' beauty last only for a day, which is the reason they are also called ~Daylilies.~ The Chinese called the daylily ~husan t'sao~ meaning the ~plant of forgetfulness~ as it was supposed to allay sorrow by causing forgetfulness.
The plants were brought to Europe by traders along the silk routes from China. Daylilies were used as food and medicine in China and Japan. They were dried or pickled in salt or cooked as vegetables. The Romans used them medicinally. The young leaves when eaten are said to be intoxicating. Daylilies were a popular garden plant in North America during the colonial times but soon began to grow along roadsides. | | 76. Delphinium (Delphinium sp.) | Family: Ranunculaceae
Common names: ~Low Larkspur~ ~Little Larkspur~ ~Montane Larkspur~ ~Lark's Heel~ ~Lark's Claw~ ~Elijah's Chariot~
Delphinium is native to Europe and Siberia. It relates to the Greek word ~Delphis~ meaning ~Dolphin~ referring to the shape of the back of the flower which resembles a Dolphin's snout but in other countries it was thought to resemble a Lark's foot and was called ~Larkspur~ ~Lark's Heel~ and ~Lark's Claw.~ It is also said that the Greeks named this flower after Delphinium Apollo, the god of the city of Delphi. Delphinium is a symbol for swiftness and lightness. The white delphinium is also called ~Elijah's Chariot.~
Delphinium originated, according to legend, during the Battle of Troy. Achilles' mother requested that her son's armor be given to the most heroic Greek Warrior. The armor was given to Ulysses, although the brave Ajax expected to be chosen, and because of his dejection, Ajax killed himself. The small blue larkspur began to grow where the blood of Ajax spilled.
Delphiniums were used by West Coast Native Americans to make blue dye and European settlers made ink from ground delphinium flowers. During the Dark Ages, the fern seed was believed to render men invisible. In medieval England, the root of the common male fern was an important ingredient in love potions. The most ancient use of the delphinium was as a strong external medicine thought to drive away scorpions by the seeds and leaves which were thought to possess great power. Ground to a powder, the seeds were used to treat a toothache. It destroyed the lice in the hair of the warriors during the American Civil War, and at the Battle of Waterloo wounds were dressed with Delphinium. The wild strains are often the cause death among cattle, as the plants are very poisonous. Delphiniums should not be used with food.
Delphinium is suitable for drying for flower arrangements. | | 77. Dendrobium Orchid (Dendrobium spp.) | Family: Orchideaceae
Dendrobium orchids grow on trees and are epiphytes, which means they depend on the tree for structural support but not nutrition. The name orchid originates from the Greek ~orchis~ meaning ~testicle.~ The word ~Dendron~ means ~tree. ~
Dendrobiums are one of the largest genera of orchids, with over 1,400 species worldwide. The dendrobium orchid has for centuries symbolized love, joy, friendship, lust, greed, and wealth. It has a vase life of 7 to 10 days. | | 78. Dierama pendulum 'Album' (Dierama spp.) | Family: Iridaceae
Common Names: ~Hairbells~ ~Wand Flowers ~ ~Fairy Wands~
Dierama is a genus of the Iris Family with 44 species scattered from Ethiopia to the southern Cape of South Africa. The name ~Dierama~ is from the Greek word for ~funnel~ in reference to the shape of the flowers.
In South Africa they are called ~Hairbells~ because of the hair like stalks of the plants. | | 79. - 80. Dill (Anethum Graveolens) | Family: Umbelliferae
Dill derived it's name from old Norse ~dilla~ meaning ~to lull~ because of its soothing properites. Said to be used heavily in the Middle Ages in witchcraft and magic spells although it was also known for providing a good night's sleep if taken in tea just before bedtime. It can be used to sweeten the breath.
Dill when hung at the door protects one from harm. It is also carried in protective sachets. When placed in a cradle it protects the child. Dill seeds are used in money spells. When added to the bath is makes the bather irresistible. When dill is eaten or smelled, it stimulates lust. Dill was a popular general purpose drug in the Middle Ages. Dill water has been used for centuries as a tonic for babies with colic. It is a popular culinary herb.
Medicinal: Dill is used to treat colic, gas, and indigestion.
Religious: Dill is used in love and protection sachets. The dried seed heads hung in the home, over doorways, and above cradles provides protection. Add dill to your bath to make you irresistible to your lover.
Growing: Dill grows in most regions of North America. It needs sun and a well-drained soil, and frequent waterings. It is a hardy annual, biennial in the deep southern regions, that reaches 2 - 3 feet tall. Dill matures quickly, and self-sows for the following year. Plant in six week intervals for a season-long supply of fresh dill. | | 81. Dogwood (Cornus florida) | The word ~dogwood~ comes from a custom in England to wash dogs with a concoction made from dogwood bark to cure mange.
According to legend the dogwood was the size of the oak and other forest trees. Being firm and strong, it was chosen as the timber for the cross, during the Crucifixtion of Christ. According to stories, the tree was distressed for being used for a cruel purpose, and Jesus being nailed to it sensed this and told the tree, "Because of your regret and pity for my suffering, never again shall the dogwood tree grow large enough to be used as a cross. Henceforth it shall be slender and bent and twisted and its blossoms shall be in the form of a cross, two long and two short petals. In the center of the outer edge of each petal there will be nail prints, brown with rust and stained with red, and in the middle of the flower will be a crown of thorns, and all who see it will remember ..."
The wood of dogwood was widely used in the textile industry and to make shuttlecocks, spools, dowels, baseball bats and shingles. Dogwood is so hard that it can even be used as a wedge to split other wood. The bark was used to make tea as a remedy for fever. According to Loudon, 1838, Arboretum Euonymus, a decoction of its leaves was used to wash dogs to free them from vermin. It was used to intoxicate fishes in Jamaica and as a tobacco additive by American Indians.
British Columbia adopted the Pacific dogwood Cornus nuttallii as its official provincial flower in 1956. During World War II, the sale of dogwood lapel pins earned money to purchase wool and other comforts for British Columbian soldiers. Dogwood blossoms are depicted on British Columbia's coat of arms and on a flag flown by franco-Columbians, or French-speaking residents.
Dogwood ~Flowers or Trees~ are the official state flowers/trees of Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina, Virginia & British Columbia.
On April 23, 1995 President and Mrs. Clinton planted a flowering dogwood on the grounds of the White House to memorialize the loss of life in the Oklahoma City Bombing. | | 82. Dong Quai Angelica sinensis | Medicinal: A powerful herb for the female reproductive system. It is a powerful uterine tonic and hormonal regulator. Used in premenstrual syndrome formulas as well as menopausal formulas. | | 83. Dragon's Blood Daemonorops draco | Medicinal: The resin of Dragon's Blood is used externally as a wash to promote healing and stop bleeding. Internally it is used for chest pains, post-partum bleeding, internal traumas, and menstrual irregularities.
Religious: Added to love incenses and sachets, it increases the potency of other herbs used. A piece of the plant is often used under the mattress as a cure for impotency. It is also used in spells to bring back a loved one. A pinch added to other herbs for magickal purposes will increase their potency. | | 84. Dutchman's Breeches (Dicentra spp.) | Family: Fumariaceae (Fumitory family)
Common Names: ~Soldier's Cap~ ~White Hearts~ ~Eardrops~ ~Monk's Head~ ~Butterfly Banners~ ~Kitten~ ~Bachelor~ ~Little Boy's Breeches~ ~Bleeding heart~ ~Squirrel Corn~ ~Turkey Corn~
Dutchman's breeches are uncommon and unusual species of wildflowers. They are known as the prettiest spring flowers. They have many folknames, the most popular being an old-fashioned name ~Boys and Girls~ which was often used by children when the Dutchman's breeches were found. The word Dicentra cucullaria, simply describes the plant as ~two-spurred~ and ~hooded.~
The plant is unpopular with farmers as cattle could suffer convulsions, even death from eating too much of the leaves. Ranchers called it ~staggerweed~ because of the effect it had on livestock. Dutchman's breeches is one of the most important love charms of the Menomini. The young swain tries to throw it at his intended and hit her with it. Another way is for him to chew the root, breathing out so that the scent will carry to her. He then circles around the girl, and when she catches the scent, she will follow him wherever he goes, even against her will. | |
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| 85. Easter Lily (Lilium Longiflorum) | Family: Liliaceae
Common Names: ~Bermuda Lily~ ~Japanese Easter Lily~ ~Longtubed White Lily~ ~Trumpet Lily~ ~White Trumpet Lily~ ~Snow Queen ~ ~Mary's Tears~ ~Jacob's Tears~ ~Ladder to Heaven~
~Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow: they toil not, neither do they spin: even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these.~ ~Matthew 6:28-29~
Easter Lily originated in Japan but was also found in China, Formosa, Lichu Islands, where it grew wild. It was refered to in the oldest Japanese gardening book which was published in 1681 and a drawing of the lily can be found in another old gardening book published in 1719. The Easter Lily, was found in England as early as 1819, but became a popular flower in 1895. The bulbs were exported to England from Bermuda, which was the first commercial center of Easter Lily bulb production outside of Japan. The first Bermuda Lily was brought to Bermuda from Japan in 1853 by a missionary who gave it to a friend in St. George who later marketed it. The Bermuda Lily was introduced to America in 1880. Due to disease and economic conditions, by 1935 the main exporter of the lily to the U.S. was Japan. The Easter Lily bulbs were called ~White Gold.~ The lily is mentioned in the Bible. Often called the ~white-robed apostles of hope~ lilies were found growing in the Garden of Gethsemane after Christ's crucifixtion. White lilies are said to have sprung up where drops of Christ's sweat fell to the ground from the cross. Traditionally, Easter Lilies are arranged in churches, during Easter, to commemorate the resurrection of Jesus Christ. The white lily is dedicated to Mary in most Catholic countries, and has been a symbol of purity since the 12th century. In early paintings, the Angel Gabriel is pictured giving the Virgin Mary a branch of pure white lilies, announcing that she is to be the mother of the Christ Child. In other paintings, saints are shown bringing vases of white lilies to Mary and the baby Jesus. It is said that when Mary's tomb was opened to show Thomas that her body had been assumed into heaven, it was filled with these flowers. The Madonna lily was associated with the Annunciation and lilies are often depicted in scenes of the angel's visit to Mary. Roses and lilies became Mary's flowers and are associated with Easter. Lily became the emblem of the Annunciation, the white petals signifying her body and the golden anthers her soul. According to one legend when Eve left the Garden of Eden she shed real tears of repentance and Lilies grew where her tears fell. The flower is also associated with St. Catherine, who converted her pagan father to Christianity when the previously scentless madonna lily produced wonderful perfume.
Ancient legends tell us the lily sprang from the milk of Hera, the mythological Queen of Heaven. Artists and poets felt that, the Lily was the only flower with a soul. The Easter Lily, the traditional flower of Easter, is highly regarded as a joyful symbol of beauty, hope and life.
On the island of Santorini, ceramics have been found bearing the same images of lilies that are found on the ceramics of the ancient Minoan culture of Crete. Scholars say Minoan ceramics are the remains of the famous Atlantis. An older than the Minoan culture, which disappeared 3,500 years ago, is the Hebrew word for lily, ~shusan.~ | | 86. -88. Echinacea (Echinacea Angustifolia L., Echinacea purpurea) | Common Names: ~ Sacred Plant~ (by Native Americans) ~Black Sampson~ ~Sampson Root~ ~Narrow-leaved Purple Coneflower~ ~Purple Coneflower~ ~Red Sunflower~
Native to North America, Coneflower gets its common name from the arrangement of the florets of its daisy-like flowers around a prominent center or ~cone.~
Echinacea has been used by Native Americans for Medicinal purposes and now regaining importance because extracts from its roots, have been found to be effective in strengthening the immune system. More than 200 pharmaceutical preparations are made from Echinacea plants in W. Germany. Plains Indians are said to have used Echinacea for medicinal purposes more than any other plant group. The Sioux Indians used fresh scraped root for rabies, snakebites, and septicemia.
Medicinal: Echinacea, also known as Purple Coneflower, is a natural antibiotic and immune system stimulator, helping to build resistance to colds, flus, and infections. It increases the production of white blood cells, and improves the lymph glands. The tea from this herb should be used in all infections, and has been used in treating skin cancers and other cancers. Please note that if you suffer from any auto-immune disorder, you should use Echinacea, or any other immune stimulant herb, only under the guidance of a professional, such as a naturopathic doctor, TCM practitioner, etc.
Religious: Echinacea is used as an offering to the spirits or gods and goddesses to strengthen a spell or ritual.
Growing: Echinacea likes the prairies and other open, dry places. It adapts to most soils, in full sun, except wet ones. It grows over most of North America. It is a perennial, and reaches to about 2 feet tall. The root is used ground, and the leaves are used for teas. Echinacea root -- The antiviral properties of these roots are used to combat sore throats, the flu colds, infections, and allergies (also has tumor inhibiting properties). It is prepared in the exact fashion as the dandelion root. | | 89. Edelweiss (Leontopodium alpinum) | Edelweiss is called the ~Queen of Alpine Flowers~ and is protected. It thrives on sunny, grass slopes, but also grows in rock fissures up to 2500 metres. Edelweiss is native to the Himalayas. Edelweiss has become the Alpine Symbol and picking Edelweiss is forbidden in the alpine and subalpine regions. | | 90. - 91. Elder Flower (Sambucus nigra L.) | Family: Caprifoliaceae
Common Names: ~Black Elder~ ~Common Elder~ ~Pipe Tree~ ~Bore Tree~ ~Bour Tree~(14th Century) ~Hylder~ ~Hylan Tree~ ~Tree of Doom~ ~Absolute~ ~Elder Flower Absolute~ (Sambucus canadensis)
Elder has a long history of use dating back to the 5th century BC. In Anglo-Saxon days we find the tree called ~Eldrun,~ which became ~Hyldor~ and ~Hyllantree~ in the 14th century.
Considered magical, Elder was also associated with death. The scent of an Elder plantation was held to cause death and disease. Branches of Elder were buried with the dead to protect them from evil spirits. Elder-wood was used for the whip handles of hearse drivers. Windows shaped like elder leaves were sometimes made between two slabs of a burial chamber. From the Old Stone Age to the New Stone Age times, arrowheads were made in the shapes of elder leaves.
According to Christian legend, Judas, one of the twelve apostles of Christ hung himself from an elder tree. The Cross, on which Jesus was crucified was made out of a giant elder tree.
The superstition about the Elder came from old myths of northern Europe. In Denmark, the Elder was connected with magic. Hylde-Moer, the Elder-tree Mother, lived in the tree and watched over it. If the tree was cut down and furniture made of the wood, Hylde-Moer was believed to follow and haunt the owners. In Denmark, another old belief that if one stood under an Elder tree on Midsummer Eve he/she would see the King of Fairyland ride by, attended by all his retinue. This is a Styrian tradition.
The Russians believe that Elder-trees drive away evil spirits, and the Bohemians go to it with a spell to take away fever. The Sicilians believe that sticks of its wood will kill serpents and drive away robbers, and the Serbs use a stick of Elder in their wedding ceremonies to bring good luck. In England it was thought that the Elder was never struck by lightning, and a twig of it tied into three or four knots and carried in the pocket was a charm against rheumatism. A cross made of Elder and fastened to cowhouses and stables was supposed to keep all evil from the animals. It was believed that a child in an Elder-wood cradle would fall out or be unable to sleep. It was also a British belief that a child in an Elder-wood cradle would pine away or be pinched black and blue by fairies. The English believed that burning Elder logs brought the devil into the house. Gypsies would not use the wood to kindle their camp fires and gleaners of firewood. In some of the rural Midlands, it is believed that if a child is chastised with an Elder twig, it will cease to grow.
The Elder is associated with witches, who are said to sometimes disguise themselves as Elder trees. It is said to be unlucky to break off an Elder twig. One was supposed to ask permission of the Elder tree before pruning it, and to spit three times before cutting. In the later part of the 17th century to prevent witches from entering their houses, the common people used to gather Elder leaves on the last day of April and fix them to their doors and windows. Elder trees were said to protect against evil and was grown near the entrance of the house or as a hedge. Charms were made from pieces of elder on which the sun had never shone. They were tied between two knots and hung around the neck. White elder flowers are sacred to the White Goddess at Midsummer.
Fever was cured in Bavaria by sticking an Elder twig into the ground in silence, in the belief that the fever would stick to the twig and be transferred to the person who pulled it up. It was used medicinally in ancient Egypt . Flowers from Dwarf Elders were used to make a distilled water used for cosmetic purposes. Common Elder flowers were used in the making of elder-berry wine, a remedy for colds when hot and spiced.
The Elder has strong associations with the Goddess and is often called ~Our Lady.~ The leaves, flowers and fruit of the tree are seen to represent the three phases of the Goddess - Maiden, Mother and Hag respectively. It is also one of the trees favoured by the Sidhe. In the days when it was still considered important to be on amicable terms with the Sidhe, the people always planted an Elder by their dwelling place and its care was entrusted to one person within each generation of the family to ensure that it was never neglected, so incurring the wrath of the Sidhe. In this day, because of this, the Elder can always be found near human habitation.
The tree has a narcotic smell, and it is not wise to sleep under its shade. Its uses are manifold and important. The wood of old trees is white and of a fine, close grain, easily cut, hence it was used for making a number of things.
The fresh leaves can be used in compresses applied to surface wounds. Elder Flowers and Elder Berries have been used in the English homes for making drinks and preserves. The flowers are used for making wine and also for colds and other respiratory infections. Elder Flower water is still used in pharmacy for eye and skin lotions. The berries have a laxative and diuretic effect. The green juice from the inner bark of the Elder applied to the eyes was often used to give someone the power to ~see.~ Egyptians discovered that applying elder flowers improved the complexion and healed burns.
Medicinal: Elder flowers, mixed with mint and yarrow blossoms, are excellent internal cleansers when fighting flu and colds. A tea of the elder flowers and sassafras is a remedy for acne. Elder flower oil is a remedy for chapped skin. Elder is used to cleanse the body, build the blood, treat inflammation, fever, and soothes the respiratory system. The leaves can be used as an antiseptic poultice for external wounds, and as an insect repellant. The Greeks used a tea from the root as a laxative. Elder can be toxic, especially if fresh, most notably the stems as they contain cyanide. This herb should not be used internally by pregnant or lactating women.
Religious: The branches of the sacred elder are used to make magickal wands for ritual. Scattering the leaves in the four winds will bring protection. Elderberry wine, made from the berries, is used in rituals. In Denmark, it is believed to be unlucky to have furniture made of elder wood. Grown near your home, elder will offer protection to the dwellers. It is used at weddings to bring good luck to the newlyweds. Flutes made formt he branches are used to bring forth spirits.
Growing: Elder is a tree or shrub, growing to 30 feet tall. It prefers moist areas throughout North America. The leaves, bark, and roots of the American varieties generally contain poisonous alkaloids and should not be used internally. | | 92. Elecampane Inula helenium | Medicinal: Elecampane is used for intestinal worms, water retention, and to lessen tooth decay and firm the gums. It gives relief to respiratory ailments. It is usually used in combination with other herbs. Externally it is used as a wash for wounds and itching rashes. It is burned to repel insects.
Religious: Add this herb to love charms and amulets of all kinds. Used with mistletoe and vervain, it is especially powerful. Use when scrying for better results.
Growing: Elecampane enjoys roadsides and damp fields and pastures. Plant it in full sun in a damp, but not soggy, location. It is a perennial that grows 3 - 6 feet tall. The root is most commonly used. | | 93. English Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) | Family: Labiatae
Common Names: ~Flea Mint~
Native to southern Europe and western Asia, Pennyroyal is a member of the mint family, with lilac colored flowers on upright stems.
According to Christian legend, this perennial herb was said to have been placed in the manger on the night of the Christ's birth and burst into bloom the moment the child was born.
Traditionally used for insect repellants, especially gnats, fleas and mosquitos. Many of its active ingredients are poisonous and can be toxic if ingested. English pennyroyal adds a fragrant aroma to wreaths and used in potpourri and cosmetics. | | 94. Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus | Medicinal: Eucalyptus oil is a powerful antiseptic, and is used to treat pyorrhea (gum disease), and is used on burns to prevent infections. The oil breathed in will help clear the sinuses, as will the steam from boiling the leaves. When mixed with water or vegetable oils, it makes a good insect repellant. A small drop on the tongue eases nausea.
Religious: Healing energies come from the leaves. A branch or wreath over the bed of a sick person will help spread the healing energies. The oil is added to healing baths, and for purifications.
Growing: Eucalyptus reigns among the tallest trees in the world, capable of reaching heights of over 250 feet tall. It thrives only in areas where the average temperature remains above 60 degrees, and is adaptable to several soil conditions. | | 95. Evening Primrose Oenothera biennis | Medicinal: Evening Primrose oil stimulates to help with liver and spleen conditions. In Europe, it has been used to treat Multiple Sclerosis. It lowers blood pressure, and eases the pain of angina by opening up the blood vessels. It has been found to help slow the production of cholesterol, and has been found to lower cholesterol levels. Used with Dong Quai and Vitex, it is a valuable part of an herbal remedy for treating the symptoms of pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS) and menstrual cramping.
Growing: The American variety is found throughout North America. It enjoys dry soils and full sun. It is a biennial, and grows 3 - 6 feet tall. The seed oil is the most commonly used portion of the plant. Some nurseries sell evening primrose, but they are actually a small, showy hybrid of the perennial Missouri Primrose, and does not have the same medicinal uses, so be sure you are buying the plant you really want. | | 96. Eyebright Euphrasia officinalis | Medicinal: Eyebright stimulates the liver to remove toxins from the body. It has been used internally and externally to treat eye infections and afflictions, such as pink-eye. The herb strengthens the eye, and helps to repair damage.
Religious: Eyebright is used to make a simple tea to rub on the eyelids to induce and enhance clairvoyant visions.
Growing: Eyebright is adaptable to many soil types in full sun. It is a small annual, growing 2 - 8 inches high. It attaches itself by underground suckers to the roots of neighboring grass plants and takes its nutrients from them. To be cultivated, it must be given nurse plants on whose roots it can feed. | | 97. False Unicorn Chamaelirium luteum | Medicinal: False Unicorn is very soothing for a delicate stomach. It also stimulates the reproductive organs in women and men. This herb is very important for use during menopause, due to its positive effects on uterine disorders, headaches, and depression.
Growing: False Unicorn grows primarily in very moist areas, in partially shady areas, throughout North America. | | 98. - 99. Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) | Family: Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
Common Names: ~Sweet Fennel~ ~Wild Fennel~
Fennel has been used for centuries, and came originally from Europe. The word fennel comes from the Latin word ~fenum~meaning ~hay~ which describes its sweet smell. The original Greek name for fennel was marathron, from maraino, which meant ~to grow thin.~The Emperor Charlemagne was responsible for introducing fennel into central Europe. This aromatic plant is found in Greek mythology, and Italian folklore. Fennel is said to have bestowed immortality in the Greek legend of Prometheus. Roman women ate fennel to reduce obesity. Fennel is used today, to help make fatty foods more digestible. It is said to promote strength and courage, and also longevity. Snakes were said to eat fennel to help them slough their skins and horses could be caught if fed fennel, mixed in gingerbread. Fennel looks similar to dill and is an important culinary herb, having an aniseed flavour. It is believed to be useful in treating eye complaints. It was also known to Pliny as a cure for many complaints and for improving sight. Fennel was used in medieval times to keep away evil spirits. On Midsummer's Eve it was hung over doorways with herbs like St. John's Wort. Keyholes blocked with fennel seeds prevented the entry of ghosts. It was eaten as a condiment to the salt fish during Lent. Fennel has a long history of herbal use and is a commonly used household remedy. The seeds, leaves and roots can be used, but the seeds are most active medicinally and are the part normally used. An essential oil is extracted from the fully ripened and dried seed for medicinal use, though it should not be given to pregnant women. The seeds are also used in Latin America to increase the flow of breast milk. Fennel has also been used as a remedy for cough and colic in infants.
Medicinal: Fennel helps to take away the appetite. It is often used as a sedative for small children. It improves digestion, and is very helpful with coughs. It is also used for cancer patients after radiation and chemotherapy treatments. Enriches and increases the flow of milk for lactating women.
Religious: Use for scenting soaps and perfumes to ward off negativity and evil. Grow near the home for the same purpose.
Growing: Fennel prefers dry, sunny areas. It is a perennial that can reach 4 - 6 feet high, and grows in most average to poor soils. | | 100. Fenugreek Trigonella foenum-graecum | Medicinal: Fenugreek is used to soften and expel mucous. It has antiseptic properties and will kill infections in the lungs. Used with lemon and honey, it will help reduce a fever and will soothe and nourish the body during illness. It has been used to relax the uterus, and for this reason should not be taken by pregnant women.
Religious: Adding a few fenugreek seeds to the mop water used to clean your household floors will bring money into the household.
Growing: Fenugreek likes dry, moderately fertile soil in a sunny location. It is an annual, and grows to 1 - 3 feet tall. | | 101. Ferns (Pteridophyta) | Family: N.O. Filices
Ferns are a very ancient family of plants: early fern fossils predate the beginning of the Mesozoic era, 360 million years ago. They are older than the dinosaurs. They were thriving on Earth for two hundred million years before the flowering plants evolved.
The word ~fern~ is from the old Anglo-Saxon ~fearn~ meaning ~feather.~ Like feathers, the leaves of most ferns are delicate and divided. Also known as ~Devil Brushes.~ In England it is believed that hanging dried ferns in the house will protect all the inhabitants from thunder and lightning damage.
It is believed that it may rain when the ferns are cut or burnt. The bracken seed of the plant is said to provide magical qualities if you place a few in the pocket - invisibility being the most notable. It is also believed that treading on a fern will cause the traveller to become confused and lose his way. Fern is used in flower arrangements for its protective properties. Inside the home, fern is also protective. When carried or worn, fern has the power to guide its bearer to discover treasures, and the person who breaks the first fern frond of spring will have good luck.
Stomach ache is supposed to be alleviated by taking crushed bracken seed taken with water from a fern growing on a tree.
Powers: Health, Luck, Protection and Riches | | 102. - 103. Feverfew (Chrysanthemum Parthenium L., Tanacetum parthenium) | Family: Compositae
Common Names: ~Bride's Button~ ~Featherfew~ ~Featherfoil~ ~Febrifuge Plant~ ~Feverfew~ ~Pyrethrum~ ~Wild Chamomile~ ~Altamisa~ ~Amargosa~ ~Bachelor's Button~ ~Feverfew~ ~Flirtwort~ ~Manzanilla~ ~Featherfew~ ~Featherfoil~ ~Wild Chamomile~ ~Mum~ ~Tanacetum~ ~Febrifuge Plant~~Wild Quinine~ ~Mutterkraut~
This plant is native to southeastern Europe but is now found in North and South America.
~Pyrethrum~ is derived from the Greek~ pur~ meaning ~fire,~ in allusion to the hot taste of the root. According to a legend, this herb saved the life of a person who fell off the famous temple, the Parthenon, in ancient Greece. Hence, the name ~parthenium~ according to legend.
Some people say that the name feverfew is a corruption of featherfew, referring to the plant's petals. Some say that feverfew is effective against fever and colds if it is gathered with the left hand as the name of the patient is spoken aloud and without a glance behind. According to another old superstition, when planted around dwellings it purified the air and warded off disease. The pungent odor is disliked by bees that branches of it were carried around to hold the bees at a distance.
The ancient Greeks and Egyptians cherished Feverfew as a valuable remedy for many ills. The Greek herbalist Dioscorides treated arthritis with this herb. In 1649, Culpeper recommended feverfew for headaches and to strengthen women's wombs, Feverfew is a preventive for migraine headaches.
Feverfew keeps bugs and insects away from plants. Some people plant in their roses or around the garden for pest control. One of the bug killing properties of feverfew is pyrethrin.
Medicinal: Feverfew is used to treat colds, fevers, flu, and digestive problems. It is often used to end migraines and other headaches.
Religious: Feverfew is carried for protection against illnesses involving fever, as well as for preventing accidents.
Growing: Feverfew bears a resemblance to chamomile. It prefers dry places, will tolerate poor soil, and is a hardy biennial or perennial, growing to 2 1/2 feet. It prefers full sun. | | 104. - 105. Flax (Linum perenne, Linum usitatissimum) | Family: Linaceae
The Latin name of flax is ~linum,~ from which its genus and family names are derived. For many years, blue flax was called ~Lewis' flax~ in honor of Captain Meriwether Lewis of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Members of the Expedition first discovered the plant in Montana. The word ~perenne~ means ~lasting the whole year~ in Latin. This variety of blue flax was first described for science by the German botanist Frederick Pursh in his monumental Flora Americae Septentrionalis of 1814.
One folk tale tells how Holda/Bertha lured a poor farmer into a magical cavern on a mountain top. She appeared as a beautiful queen surrounded by handmaidens, in a room full of precious stones and gold. Holda asked the farmer to name a gift that he desired. He asked for the flowers she held in her hand. The blooms were of the flax plant, which were then unknown. Holda gave him a bag of flax seeds and when the crop was ripe she taught the farmer's wife to make linen cloth from the plants.
The flax is the flower of the goddess Bertha, whose eyes shone in its blossoms and whose femininity was filled by its fibers.
Medicinal: Flax is used as an aid to achieving cardiovascular health, to help in menopause, and as a mild laxative. The seed and the seed oil are being studied as a possible cure for cancer. The oil helps slow the kidney disease that accompanies lupus.
Religious: Flax is used to attract money and wealth, and is used in healing spells and rituals.
Growing: Flax grows in a wide range through North America. It is an annual that grows to 3 feet high, and is adaptable to many soils and conditions. | | 106. Forget-Me-Not (Myosotis scorpioides) | Family: Boraginaceae
Forget-me-not retains its legends in its name. According to legend, a young man and his sweetheart were walking beside the Danube when they came across some blue flowers that grew on an islet in the stream. The man leapt into the river to pluck them for her, regardless of the current and the protest of the girl. He crossed safely, plucked the flowers and was almost at the bank again when he was wrung by a cruel cramp, and could not hold his way against the whirl and surge of the rapid. He looked into the white face of his beloved, and flung the bouquet at her feet with his last strength, cried, ~Forget me not!~ and disappeared. She never forgot him, and wore the flowers in her hair until her own death.
Another legend tells of a wayfarer in a lonely valley who sees a flower at his feet he had never before seen. He picked the flower, and immediately the mountainside opened. He entered and saw rich stores of gold and precious gems. He began to gather them, but dropped the little flower, which murmured faintly, ~forget-me-not.~ The wayfarer was so intent on the possessions before him, he ignored the plea. The rift in the mountain began to close, and he barely had time to escape. But, alas! the little flower that had opened the treasure-cave was lost forever.
According to Christian lore when God was walking through the Garden of Eden after the Creation, He noticed a small blue flower and asked its name. The flower, overcome by shyness, whispered, 'I am afraid I have forgotten, Lord.' God answered, 'Forget Me not. Yet I will not forget thee.' | | 107. Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) | Family: Scrophulariaceae
Common Names: ~Purpur-Fingerhut~ ~Folksglove~ ~Fairy-Caps~ ~Fairy-Petticoats~ ~Witches' Thimbles~ ~Fairy-Thimbles~
Foxglove, has large tubular flowers and with its glove-like blossoms, became the Virgin Mary's Glove. In France it is known as ~Gant de Notre Dame.~
Foxglove has a long association with magic and mystery. The name comes from the Anglo Saxon ~foxes' glove.~ In China and Japan foxes are credited with the ability to change themselves into humans. According to a legend, men once killed foxes for their bushy tales which were a charm against the devil. The foxes begged God for protection, so he put bell-shaped flowers in the field to ring whenever hunters would approach.
According to another legend fairies used to give the blossoms of the flower to foxes to wear as gloves so they would not get caught raiding the chicken coop. With magical powers, the foxes were able to move without making a sound. Some believe the name actually comes from ~Folk' Gloves,~ since the blossoms were worn by fairies and wee folk as mittens. In Ireland the flowers were called ~Fairy Thimbles~ and in Wales ~Goblin's Gloves.~ Supposedly, if you picked a foxglove you would offend the fairies. If the fairies stole your baby, the juice of the foxglove would help you get it back.
Ancient Greeks and Romans used the juice of the foxglove for sprains and bruises. It is the original source of digitalis, the most valuable cardiac drug ever discovered. Medieval witches grew foxglove in their gardens to use as a potent ingredient used in spells. They used the chemical digitalis, which is yielded by foxglove, to sudden deaths in victims. Foxglove was discovered in the 1700's to stimulate the kidneys to release excess fluid, and a tea brewed from the foxglove leaves was used in treating Dropsy, a disease in which water accumulates in the body and causes it to swell up. | |
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| 108. - 109. Frankincense (Boswellia Thurifera, Boswellia carterii) | Family: N.O Burseraceae
Frankincense has been used since antiquity as an incense in India, China and in the West by the Catholic Church. It was highly prized was used in various rituals in many cultures, including Egyptian, Greek and Roman. Early Aegean cultures traded with the Frankincense colonies of the Red Sea. The Catholic Church has been one of the largest consumers of Frankincense in recorded history. Islam considers Frankincense & Myrrh a holy incense... the healing hand of Allah.
The word ~incense~ means the aroma given off with the smoke of any odoriferous substance when burnt. Frankincense is a gum resin which seeps from the frankincense tree. The very best frankincense comes from trees in the Nejd area of southern Oman, to the north of the hills of Dhofar.
Frankincense was important in Jewish ritual. The ceremonial incense of the Jews was made of four ~sweet scents,~ of which pure Frankincense was one. With other spices, it was stored in a great chamber of the House of God at Jerusalem. The Greeks and the Romans used frankincense as incense, but not as offerings. Instead it was used in everyday life, burning on the braziers for heat.
According to Herodotus, Frankincense to the amount of 1,000 talents weight was offered every year, during the feast of Bel, on the great altar of his temple, in Babylon. The religious use of incense was as common in ancient Persia as in Babylon and Assyria. Herodotus states that the Arabs brought every year to Darius as tribute 1,000 talents of Frankincense, and the modern Parsis of Western India still preserve the ritual of incense.
Frankincense, was one of the most common kinds of incense offered to the gods among the Greeks. The Romans use of Frankincensenot only for religious ceremonies but also on state occasions, and in domestic life. Egyptian inscriptions dated 2,800 B.C., document expeditions to the land of Punt, from which Egypt was importing incense. Punt is the area of Arabia and Africa at the extreme south of the Red Sea, comprising of today's Oman, Yemen and Somalia, the only places where frankincense and myrrh grow naturally. Frankincense was also valued by the cultures of the Near East and Mediterranean including the Chinese who sent porcelain to Arabia to trade for it.
The earliest recorded use of frankincense was inscribed on a tomb of a 15th century BC queen named Hathsepsut. The charred remains of the burnt frankincense was ground into a black powder called kohl. Kohl is the substance used in creating the distinctive black eyeliner found on the figures in Egyptian art. It was used in ancient Egypt in rejuvenating face mask, cosmetics and perfumes. Frankincense is also made into a paste with other ingredients to perfume the hands. In cold weather, the Egyptians warm their rooms with a brazier where incense is burnt.
The ancient world believed that the smoke of incense carried their prayers to heaven. No matter what religion observance was celebrated, incense had to be burned. Frankincense was used to embalm corpses. When the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun was opened in 1922, one of the sealed flasks released a whiff of the incense, after 3,300 years. It was noted that the embalmers of old did not fall prey to the diseases from which the people had died. During the Black Death in England, from 1603 to 1666, the perfumers of the period were immune to plague, since they were always surrounded by essential oils. Frankincense was used in medical prescriptions by the Arabs for many generations. Arabic doctors had their clothes strongly scented with insence when visiting patients.
The small tree with white flowers has been used for a variety of complaints including syphilis, rheumatism and respiratory tract infections. It is used as camel food. The roots are debarked and eaten raw or used in beverages. The inner bark is used to make a brown dye and can even be used as fish bait. The resin is used in wine as an additive. The soft wood is used in a variety of building/craft products.
Magical Uses: Atmospheric tonic, Blessings, Initiation rites.
Medicinal: Frankincense relieves menstrual pains, and treats rheumatic aches and pains. Externally it is used for liniments and for its antiseptic properties.
Religious: Frankincense is burned to raise vibrations, purify, and exorcise. It will aid meditations and visions. The essential oil is used to anoint magickal tools, altars, etc. | | 110. Freesia (Freesia) | Family: Iridaceae
The history of freesia goes back 200 years to South-Africa where all species were discovered. This beautiful flower received its name from Dr. Christian P. Ecklon who named it after his friend a German botanist, Friedrich H. T. Freese.
Freesias are native to the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Freesias grow from a corm, or thickened underground stem. They are important as commercial cut flowers. They are not successful garden plants in the northern U.S. Freesias that are raised in the U.S. are varieties of two wild species, Freesia armstrongi and F. refracta. Freesias can last 10 - 14 days in a vase. | | 111. - 112. Garlic (Allium sativum) | Family: Amaryllidaceae
Garlic belongs to the same family as onions, leeks and shallots. It originated in Siberia, then spread to the Mediterranean. It was present in the diets of early Romans, Greeks, and Egyptians. Chinese scholars wrote praises of garlic in 3000 B.C. and it is mentioned in the earliest Sanskrit writings. The sacrificial lambs of China were seasoned with garlic to make them more acceptable to the gods. It was worshipped by ancient Egyptians as a god, and its name was invoked at oath takings. They believed that eating garlic conferred strength. Garlic is burned on Fridays in Egypt to ward off evil. The Egyptians could purchase a male slave for fifteen pounds of garlic. The Greek Historian, Herodotus, tells us that the workers constructing the Great Pyramid at Giza lived mainly on garlic and onions. It is said that pyramid builders went on strike when deprived of their ration of garlic. The Israelites, wandering in the Sinai desert with nothing but manna to keep them from starvation, complained bitterly at the absence of garlic in their diets. The early Sumerian diet also included garlic and it is also mentioned in the Shih Ching ~The Book of Songs,~ a collection of traditional ballads, written by Confucius.In the eighth century, B.C., garlic was found growing in the gardens of the King of Babylon. The Vikings and Phoenicians packed it into sea chests for long voyages, and in Boccaccio's Decameron a love stricken man sent garlic to a lady in order to win her love. Crusaders, returning to Europe from battle, are are said to have brought garlic along with them. Marco Polo mentioned the many uses of garlic in records of his journeys. Ulysses ate garlic to protect himself from Circe's magic. Jupiter revealed to Numa Pompilius that a sacrifice consisting of a head of garlic, human hair and a fish's life would avert lightning.
Romans believed that garlic increased stamina whereas in ancient Greece and Turkey it was believed to avert vampires. In Balkan countries, garlic rubbed on doorknobs and window frames was believed to discourage vampires. Jockeys rub the horse's bit with garlic or tie a clove of garlic to the bridle and feel sure no other horse can then pass them in a race. Bull fighters wear a clove of garlic, around their necks to protect themselves from the horns of the bull.
Garlic has occult properties and garlic cloves are worn for protection. It acts as a charm against the evil eye. Kept by the bed it guarded against vampires and aided in dreaming. It is considered a sign of great good fortune to dream of garlic but not to dream of giving it away, which is symbolic of giving away one's good luck. Wreaths of garlic hung outside the door are said to ward off witches and in new boats and houses it acts as a charm against envy. A clove of garlic suspended around the neck protects the wearer in his travels.
Christians believed that garlic sprang up wherever the devil's right foot stepped when he left the Garden of Eden. In France garlic is roasted on Midsummer Eve for protection. In the Far East it is believed to have the power to bring back lost souls being heavily used in religious ceremonies. It is also seen to be an effective aphrodisiac.
~Vinegar of the four thieves'~ was the name given to a drink made from garlic taken in the 17th century by thieves and plague victims to prevent infection. In World War 1 French Army cleaned their wounds with it. It is used for strength, healing, exorcism and repels withches.
An ancient Indian proverb says: ~Garlic is as good as ten mothers. ~ A 17th century writer wrote, ~Our doctor is a clove of garlic.~
It was believed that garlic grew as the moon waned. Garlic has many medicinal uses. As a glue, enables holes to be drilled in glass. Sprinkle cloves over stored fruit to delay rotting. Hens lay more eggs when garlic is mixed with their food.
It was so popular in Europe that banquet guests were required to compose verses saluting it. Missionaries introduced garlic to California. Today California supplies 90 % of garlic grown in the United States of America. Garlic contains the amino acid, allicin which scientists say has antibiotic and bactericidal effects. Garlic was recommended for every ailment from the common cold to unrequited love. It was laid on a baby's navel or applied to the soles of a patient's feet because the volatile oils in garlic were readily absorbed.
Medicinal: Garlic is a powerful natural antibiotic. It can stimulate cell growth and activity. It reduces blood pressure in hypertensive conditions. A main advantage to using garlic for its antibiotic properties is that it does not destroy the body's natural flora. It is excellent for use in all colds and infections of the body. When ingesting the raw cloves, a sprig of parsley chewed immediately after will freshen the breath.
Religious: Peeled garlic cloves placed in each room is said to ward off disease. It is hung in new homes to dispel negativity and evil, and (don't laugh!) to ward off vampires. It is a strong protective herb. Place a clove under the pillow of sleeping children to protect them.
Growing: Garlic is a perennial herb that likes moderate soil and lots of sun and warmth. The plant grows to 2 feet tall. The bulb is the most common used portion, although the greens are often used in salads. | | 113. Geanmenn | The flowers of this 2 foot tall plant are a brilliant violet. The root is thick, and the sap inside have curative powers. It is found in moist areas, just about anyplace there's water. The sap is extracted from the root and provides 4 hit point recovery per 24 hour period, and must be reapplied after the time elapses. The sap is also effective against diarrhea. The flowers and leaves are boiled to make a disgusting tasting drink, but it takes effects very quickly, usually within the hour. Urine will be black for about a day, but it is harmless to the body. | | 114. Geranium (Geranium spp.) | Family: Geraniaceae
Common Names: ~Cranesbill~
The name ~Geranium~ means ~Crane Flower~ refering to the shape of the seed, which resembles a crane's bill.
The Geraniaceae Family includes the genus Pelargonium and the genus Geranium. The geranium flowers are symmetrical while the pelargonium flowers are not. The pelargonium flowers have a nectary tube behind the petals, the geranium does not. The geranium (cranesbill) is herbaceous, grown in flowerbeds in gardens and dying down in winter. The pelargonium (storksbill) is mistakenly called Geranium and comprises of nearly 250 species.
Geranium is known to the Japanese as a ~sociable plant.~ Legend says that it was a weed. One day the prophet Mohammed came down from the mountain, and hung his sweaty shirt on the geranium. The geranium held the shirt up to the sun until it was completely dry. Mohammed was very pleased to the point that he covered the plant with velvety red blossoms that filled the air with a fragrance.
It is said that snakes will not go near places where white geraniums grow, and that if it is kept near the window, flies will not come in. American Indians believed that the root of the geranium could cure sore throats and stop internal bleeding. | | 115. Gerbera Daisy (Gerbera jamesonii) | Family: Asteraceae
Common Names: ~African Daisy~ ~Transvaal Daisy~ ~Barberton Daisy ~
The gerbera daisy, known as the ~Transvaal Daisy,~ originated in South Africa. Named after German naturalist Traugott Gerber, a German botanist and naturalist, who traveled extensively in Russia. The Gerbera one of the world's top ten most popular flowers.
Flower developers have created miniature gerberas, called ~Germini~ hybrids. Germini were bred to have strong necks that help flowers stay erect. These gerbera daisy heads are only two inches across, but their colors are as vibrant as the larger daisies. It is associated with star sign Leo. Flowers have a vase-life of 7 - 12 days. | | 116. Ginger Zingiber officinale | Medicinal: Ginger is an excellent herb to use for strengthening and healing the respiratory system, as well as for fighting off colds and flu. It removes congestion, soothes sore throats, and relieves headaches and body aches. Combined with other herbs, it enhances their effectiveness. It is also very effective in combatting motion sickness. Recommended during pregnancy for treating morning sickness and digestive problems, as well as safe to use during pregnancy for colds and sore throats.
Religious: Ginger is used in passion spells, to "heat up" the relationship. It is used in success spells, and to ensure the success of spells.
Growing: Ginger grows through most of North America. It reaches to 6 inches high, and is a perennial. The ground root is the part used for healing. | | 117. Gingko Biloba Gingko biloba | Medicinal: Gingko Biloba is used to treat memory loss and difficulties, and is used to treat head injuries. It is also used to treat tinnitus, circulatory problems, strengthening the cardiac system, impotence, asthma, allergies that affect breathing, and Alzheimer's disease, in its early stages. Its properties enable the opening of the smaller veins, helping to improve circulation to all organs and especially the heart.
Religious: Gingko is held or carried to help improve the memory. A mild tea prior to bedtime will help to remember dreams during sleep.
Growing: The Gingko Biloba tree is a remnant of prehistoric times. It grows 50 to 70 feet tall. It prefers temperate areas with moist soils, and needs full sun and high humidity. | | 118. Ginseng Panax quinquefolia(American ginseng), Eleutherococcus senticosus (Siberian ginseng), Panax spp. | Medicinal: Ginseng stimulates the body to overcome all forms of illness, physical and mental. It is used to lower blood pressure, increase endurance, aid in relieving depression, and is a sexual stimulant. The dried root is used for healing purposes. It has been used throughout ancient times to the present day for use in conjunction with most herbs in treating all sorts of illnesses, including cancers, digestive troubles, and memory. It is used to tone the body during stress and to overcome fatigue. During menopause it aids in rejuvenating the system and balances hormones, as well as aids in regulating hot flashes.
Religious: Ginseng is carried to guard your health and to attract love. It will also ensure sexual potency. Ginseng is an effecitve substitute for mandrake in all spells.
Growing: Ginseng can be very difficult to grow. Germination of disinfected seeds (to kill mold, which plagues ginseng at all stages of growth) can take up to a year or more. Plant in early autumn in raised beds of very humus-rich soil. Plants must be shaded at all times. Roots are not harvested until the plants are at least 6 years old. Take care during harvesting and drying not to break off any of the "arms" of the root. Dry for one month before use. | | 119. Gladioli (Gladiolus grandiflorus) | Family: Iridaceae
Common Names: ~Corn Lilies~ ~Glads~ ~Sword Lilies~
A member of the Iris family, it originated in Africa. Gladiolus species were recognized over 2,000 years ago growing in the fields of Asia Minor and were called ~corn lilies.~ They began being used as cut flowers in North America in the early 1800s. Today, there are at least 180 known species. It's name was derived from the Latin word ~gladius,~ meaning the ~little sword.~ It is considered to be the flower of the Gladiators, called ~sword lily,~ because of the shape of the leaves.
Mashed gladiolus roots were used in medicine for drawing out splinters and thorns. Dried gladiolus seed pods were ground to powder and swallowed with goat's milk, as a remedy for colic. However, modern medicine has proven these gladiolus remedies to be untrue.
The engineer who built the bridge over the Zambesi river at Victoria Falls, Sir F. Fox, developed miniature hybrids from the gladiolus primulinus, and sent them to Kew Gardens, known as the ~Maid in the Mist.~
Gladiolus grew abundantly and wild in the Holy Land and the waste lands along the Mediterranean coast of Africa. They were thought to be the ~lilies of the field~ that Jesus referred to in the Sermon on the Mount.
Flower of August, Gladioli have a vase life of 10 - 14 days. ~Flower of the Gladiators~ (Roman) | | 120. Godetia (Clarkia Amoena) | Family: Onagraceae
~Satin Flower~ ~Silk Flower~ ~Farewell-to-Spring ~
Named for the explorer Captain William Clark of the famous Lewis and Clark expedition, the clarkias are found on dry open slopes in the forests of the Northwest, from California north to British Columbia. | | 121. Goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea) | Family: Asteraceae ~Compositae~
Common Names: ~Solidago~ ~Virgaureae herba~ ~European Goldenrod~ ~Missouri Goldenrod~ ~Sweet Goldenrod~ ~Wound Weed~ ~Woundwort~ ~Blue Mountain Tea~ ~Sweet-scented Goldenrod~ ~Anise-scented Goldenrod~ ~True Goldenrod~
Goldenrod belongs to the Sunflower Family. It is native to Europe. There are about 125 species of goldenrod around the world; around 90 are found in North America. Goldenrod gets its name from the two Latin words ~solidus~ and ~agere~ which means ~make strong~ or ~make healthy.~
The Chippewa Indians called it ~gizisomukiki,~ meaning ~sun medicine.~ The plant has been used medicinally, for a number of ailments. Californians used the Solidago californica to treat sores and cuts, calling the plant ~oreja de liebre~ which means ~jack rabbit's ear~ supposedly the shape of the leaf.
The Great Saladin ~1137-93~ the poor boy who rose to be caliph of Egypt and fought King Richard in the Third Crusade, greatly treasured goldenrod as a medicine and introduced its cultivation into the Middle East where it long remained an important crop.
When Mediterranean-grown S. virgaurea was first introduced into Elizabethan England as a medicinal herb, it commanded high prices, as much as a half-crown an ounce. However, when the very same species was found growing wild, its monetary value plummeted and so did its popularity.
Goldenrod has often been blamed as a chief cause of hayfever. Brews of goldenrod were popular and witches were said to have used goldenrod in potions. In Europe, the leaves were sometimes concocted into what was called Blue Mountain wine. Teas were brewed in both Europe and in North America, particularly by the Indians. Medicinal extracts and tea leaves made from the aromatic American species as fragrant goldenrod S. odora were exported in the 19th Century to China, where they commanded high prices.
The flowers of various species of goldenrods have been used to make yellow dyes for cloth. Nowadays, it is used as beautiful cutflower. Goldenrod is depicted on the state flag of Kentucky. It is the state flower of Kentucky and Nebraska, USA. | | 122. Goldenseal Hydrastis canadensis | Medicinal: Goldenseal is another natural, powerful antibiotic. It should not be used by pregnant women. The herb goes straight to the bloodstream and eliminates infection in the body. It enables the liver to recover. When taken in combination with other herbs, it will boost the properties for the accompanying herbs.
Religious: Goldenseal is used n properity spells, as well as healing spells and rituals.
Growing: Goldenseal prefers rich soils in partial shade. It is a perennial herb that grows 6 - 18 inches high. The dried ground root is the part most often used, although the dried leaves are used in teas. It is difficult to grow successfully, and the plants need to be at least 6 years old before harvesting. | | 123. Gotu Kola Centella asiatica | Medicinal: Gotu Kola is and excellent mental stimulant. It is often used after mental breakdowns, and used regularly, can prevent nervous breakdown, as it is a brain cell stimulant. It relieves mental fatigue and senility, and aids the body in defending itself against toxins.
Religious: Gotu Kola is used in meditation incenses. | | 124. Green Tea Camellia sinensis, Various spp. | Medicinal: Green tea has recently come into prominence as an effective anti-oxidant. It has been shown to reduce the risk of many forms of cancer, and it has the ability to stabilize blood lipids, making it part of an overall cardiac care regimen. It aids in treating high cholesterol, hypertension, and stimulates immune functions. This herb eases mental fatigue, and may lower the risks for arteriosclerosis. It can also help to prevent plaque buildup on the teeth. People who are sensitive to, or cautioned to reduce or avoid, caffeine, can still use the decaffeinated form of Green Tea, which is still shown to have the same medicinal properties and qualities.
MAGICKAL: Used for prosperity rituals, and to honor deities around the world.
Growing: Grown in various temperate climates around the world; check your local county extension service to see if a species will grow in your area. | | 125. Guaria Morada (cattleya skinneri) | Family: Orchideaceae
Common Names: ~Flor de San Sebastian~
Guaria Morada, a beautiful purple orchid, was established as the National flower of Costa Rica in 1939, under the presidency of León Cortés. It is found at the Rincón de la Vieja Volcano.
It was named in honor of William Cattley, English horticulturist during the nineteenth century.
Cattleya skinneri is one of the top ten orchids and is known as ~Flor de San Sebastian~ throughout Central America. It is nearly extinct in Costa Rica but due to its popularity it is common in collections. | |
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| 126. - 127. Hawthorn (Crataegus oxycantha, Crateagus spp.) | Family: Rosaceae
Common Names: ~ English Hawthorn~ ~Haw~ ~May~ ~May Blossom~ ~May Bush~ ~May Tree~ ~May Flower~ ~Quick-Set~ ~White Thorn~ ~Thorn~ ~Thorn Apple~ Glastonbury Thorn~Chinese Name: Shan-cha It gets it's name from the Greek word ~Kratos~ meaning ~strong~ and ~powerful.~ The fruit of the hawthorn resembles a small apple and is called a ~Haw~ or ~Hawberry~ and is often eaten by birds. Manitoulin, locals use them for jams or jellies, giving them the name ~Haweaters.~
According to legend, the Glastonbury thorn is connected with Christ's death as well as his birth. It is said that soon after the death of Christ, Joseph of Arimathea came to Britain to spread the message of Christianity. He travelled with is his staff. Being tired, he lay down to rest and he pushed his staff into the ground beside him. When he awoke, he found that the staff had taken root and begun to grow and blossom. He left it there and it has flowered every Christmas and every spring. It is also said that a puritan trying to cut down the tree was blinded by a splinter of the wood before he could do so. The original thorn eventually died but not before many cuttings had been taken. It is one of these cuttings is in the grounds of Glastonbury Abbey today. Ever since at Glastonbury Abbey, England - the name by which that Avalon is known - on Christmas Eve the white thorn buds and blooms.
The tree, is said to always bloom on Christmas night, even after its twin stems were uprooted during the Civil War.The castaway fragments are said to have taken root, wherever they fell.
There is a tradition in England that a branch of the Glastonbury Thorn is taken and displayed each year in Buckingham Palace.
In England, Hawthorns are cultivated for hedges ~haw means hedge.~ The flowers are associated with May Day, and the hawthorn has long been used as a symbol of spring in English poetry.
In ancient Greece and Rome, the hawthorn had happy associations, linked with hope, marriage and babies. Dedicated to Hymen, the god of marriage, it was used as a symbol of hope at weddings in Greece; bridal attendants wore its blossoms while the bride carried an entire bough. Also, in both Greece and Rome, torches carried in wedding processions were made of hawthorn. The Romans put hawthorn leaves in the cradles of newborn babies to ward off evil spirits.
In medieval Europe, hawthorn was regarded as a symbol of death and illness. It was thought that bringing its branches inside would portend the death of one of the household's members. Hawthorn was also one of the witch's favorite plants and was especially to be avoided on Walpugis Night, when witches turned themselves into hawthorns.
In the Middle Ages, folk healers recommend it for various ills. It became a popular herbal remedy in Europe and North America towards the end of the 19th century, when its heart-healing properties were discovered. Hawthorn is also used as a sedative for insomnia.
The North American Indians used it as medicine for many ailments. In China, the fruits of Crataegus pinnatifida were eaten to cure scurvy, taken as a mild laxative, and for stomach ailments. The leaf and twigs have been used as an antidote to poisoning with varnish. Hawthorn was first mentioned as a drug in the Tang-Ben-Cao, a Chinese herbal attributed to Su-Jing, dating to 659 AD. The Chinese make a jam of hawthorn called Shan-cha-kao or Shan-cha-ping. Hawthorn wood is very hard and is used for such small items as tool handles.
The ship Mayflower was named for the Hawthorn. Hawthorn is the state flower of Missouri.
Medicinal: Hawthorn is effective for curing insomnia. Hawthorn is used to prevent miscarriage and for treating nervousness. Hawthorn has been used for centuries in treating heart disease, as regular use strengthens the heart muscles, and to prevent arteriosclerosis, angina, and poor heart action.
Religious: The leaves are used to make protection sachets. They are also carried to ensure good fishing. In Europe, Hawthorn was used to repel witchcraft spells. Bringing branches of it into the home is supposed to portend death. It is incorporated into spells and rituals for fertility. It will protect the home from damaging storms.
Growing: Hawthorn is a deciduous tree or shrub, that can reach 40 feet tall. It grows throughout North America. It is tolerant of most soils, but prefers alkaline, rich, moist loam. Consult a nursery for the best species to use in your area. The fruit is the part used in healing. | | 128. Hazel Coylus spp. | Religious: Hazel's forked branches are used for divining, and the wood makes wonderful wands. Hazel nuts hung in the house will bring luck, and can be carried to cause fertility. Eaten, the nuts bring wisdom.
Growing: Hazelnut trees do best when planted in a well-drained, fertile, slightly acid soil. They do best where the winter temps are above -10. | | 129. - 130. Heather (Calluna vulgaris, Calluna spp.) | Family: Ericaceae
Common Names: ~Scotch Heather~
The name Calluna is derived from the Greek word ~kallunein~ which means to ~cleanse.~ The name was used maybe because heather twigs are used as brooms, or its medicinal properties for treatment of a number of internal disorders. The word heather is also thought to derive from a Scottish word ~haeddre~ but many variations are found dating from the 14th century. Another word from that time is the Norse word ~lyng~ meaning ~light~ (as in weight).
Thought to bring good luck, white heather is effective and is often worn as a charm. At one time heather was burnt to induce rainfall and the broomsticks on which witches rode were traditionally made of heather or broom.
Medicinal: A tea made of heather blossoms is used to suppress coughing, and as an aid for sleeplessness.
Religious: Heather is carried as a guard against rape and violent crime. In potpourri, it adds protection. When burned with fern, it will bring rain.
Growing: Heather prefers rocky or sandy soils and full sun. It is an evergreen shrub that grows 1 -2 feet tall. | | 131. Heliotrope (heliotropium arborescens) | Family: Boraginaceae
Common Names: ~Marine Heliotrope~
Heliotrope means ~shunned by the sun.~ The Greek word ~heliotrope~ means to ~turn towards the sun.~ It came from Peru, and in France, was called the ~Herb of Love. ~ The original heliotrope was supposed to be a plant known in Germany as ~God's herb~ and had many healing qualities.
In the Greek myth the sun god Apollo is loved by Clytia, for whom he cared so little that he went a-wooing the princess Leukothea. Clytia revealed the liason to the king, who, furious at the misconduct of his daughter, burried her alive. Apollo returned to the heavens without so much as a look for the unhappy Clytia, who, conscious of the mischief she had done, fell to the ground and lay there for nine days. She watched Apollo passing in his chariot, and prayed for a look of pity. Seeing her wasted with sorrow, the gods took mercy and changed her into the heliotrope. She still lies at length upon the earth and looks toward heaven with half averted eye, waiting for complete forgiveness and acceptance.
According to another myth, all of the flowers were once maidens and all of them embarrassed the sun god Helios. The water nymph Clytie fell so deeply in love with him that for nine days, and nine nights she sat ton the river bank admiring his chariot. The gods took pity on poor Clytie and changed her into the fragrant heliotrope. That's how the heliotrope became the symbol for eternal love. This flower is also used to heal scorpion wounds. | | 132. Hellebore (Helleborus) | Common Names: ~Christmas Rose~ ~Hellebore~ ~Snow Rose~ ~Winter Rose~ ~Black Hellebore~ ~Black Nisewort~
The Latin word ~niger~ refers to the color of the roots. The flower is normally white. The Christmas rose, is a true Christmas flower. It blooms in the middle of winter in the mountains of Central Europe. According to legend, it is related to the birth of Christ and a little shepherdess named Madelon. As Madelon tended her sheep one cold wintry night, wise men and shepherds passed by the snow covered field where she was, with their gifts for the Christ Child. The wise men carried the rich gifts and the shepherds, fruits, honey and doves. Madelon began to weep at the thought of having nothing, not even a simple flower for the Newborn King. An angel, seeing her tears, brushed away the snow revealing a most beautiful white flower tipped with pink - the Christmas rose.
In central and northern Europe it is the custom to break off a branch of a cherry tree at the beginning of the Advent and keep it in water in a warm room; the flowers burst into bloom at Christmas time.
Hellebore is one of the four classic poisons. The other three are nightshade, hemlock, and aconite. King Attalus III was one of the greatest poison fanciers in all of history, and he had a particular fondness for hellebore.
Pliny described a ritual to harvest the roots of the plant. First, a sword was used to draw a circle around the plant. The collector would then pray to the east for permission to dig up the plant. Finally, the collector would look to see if an eagle was flying nearby, if it was, then it presaged the death of the collector within the year.
In Greek mythology, Melampus, the great seer used this plant as a herb to cure the madness of King Proetus' daughters and other Greek women, who lost their hair and roamed wildly through mountains and desert of Tiryns, thinking themselves to be cows. Melampus and his brother Bias gained a fortune ~two thirds of King Proetus' kingdom~ as a result, becoming the husbands of the princesses.
The ancient Greeks associated it with demons or possession. All species of this flower are toxic. They were used to create poison tip arrows. Strangely, it is said to provide protection and a vase of hellebore brought into a room will drive away an unpleasant atmosphere and replace it with tranquility. | | 133. Henbane Hyosycamus niger | Medicinal: Henbane stops pain, and lessens perspiration. Henbane is very toxic, so it should not be used by pregnant women or the weak or children, and should be used in only extremely small amounts for external use only, and not on a regular basis. A poultice of leaves is used briefly to remove pain from wounds.
Religious: Henbane is sometimes thrown into the water to bring rain. In olden times, it had many more uses, but is seldom used today due to its poisonous nature.
Growing: Henbane grows wild throughout temperate North Americal. Due to its toxic nature, it is not advisable to grow in the home garden. | | 134. Hibiscus (H. rosa-sinensis) | Family: Malvaceae
Common Names: ~Shoe Flower~ ~Queen of Tropical Flowers~
The Hibiscus is native to Asia and Pacific islands. Hibiscus is the national flower of Malaysia and of the Conch Republic. It is the State flower of Hawaii. It is called the ~Queen of Tropical Flowers~ as it signifies peace and happiness. It is also known as the ~Shoe Flower~ because its petals are used to shine shoes.
In islands of the Pacific Ocean, the red hibiscus, is worn by women behind the ear. If worn behind the left ear, she is desirous of a lover, if behind the right ear she is already spoken for. But if she wears two flowers, one behind each ear she has a lover but would like another. | | 135. - 136. Holly (Ilex spp.) | Family: Aquifoliaceae (Holly Family)
The word ~holly~ comes from the word ~holy.~ Holly is associated with Christmas. There are over 150 species of holly. The flowers are inconspicuous, but the berries are not. Most hollies are native to North America, southern Europe and Asia. English holly Ilex aquifolium and American holly Ilex opaca are the species most commonly grown as Christmas decorations. The American holly has duller leaves and more spines than the English holly. Holly berries are potentially dangerous if eaten. Twenty berries can kill a person.
According to a Christian legend the pointed leaves of the Holly represent the thorns of Christ's Crown. The green leaves represent eternal life. The red berries represent the blood of Christ. It is said that holly was used to make the crown of thorns. At that time the berries were yellow. In honor to the blood shed by Christ the berries turned red.
Holly was the sacred plant of Saturn and was used at the Roman Saturnalia festival to honor him. Romans gave one another holly wreaths and carried them about decorating images of Saturn with it. Centuries later, in December, while Romans continued pagan worship, Christians celebrated the birth of Jesus. To avoid persecution, they decked their homes with Saturnalia holly. As Christians increased, holly lost its pagan association and became a symbol of Christmas.
According to another legend, when the Holy Family was fleeing into the desert from Herod, they hid the baby Jesus in a holly bust. At that time, the leaves had fallen as the holly was not an evergreen. Mary prayed for protection, and the leaves grew - green to hide and protect the baby Jesus.
The Druids believed that holly, with its shiny leaves and red berries stayed green to keep the earth beautiful when the sacred oak lost it leaves. They wore sprigs of holly in their hair when they went into the forest to watch their priests cut the sacred mistletoe.
In Medieval Europe it was associated with good fortune.Trees planted near homes were said to offer protection from thunder and lightning. The berries and leaves were used to ward off witchcraft and the evil eye - said to be more effective for men than women.
In West England it is said sprigs of holly around a young girl's bed on Christmas Eve are supposed to keep away mischievous little goblins. They also put a sprig of holly on the bedpost to bring sweet dreams. In Germany, a piece that was used in church decorations is regarded as a charm against lightning. In England, British farmers put sprigs of holly on their beehives. On the first Christmas, they believed, the bees hummed in honor of the Christ Child. The English also mention the ~he holly and the she holly~ as being the determining factor in who will rule the household in the following year, the ~she holly~ having smooth leaves and the ~he holly~ having prickly ones. In Wales, family quarrels are thought to occur if holly is brought into the house prior to Christmas. If decorations are left up beyond New Year's or Twelfth Night it is said that a misfortune will occur for each leaf and branch remaining. According to legend taking holly into the home of a friend or picking holly in blossom will cause death. In Germany, it is unlucky to step on the berries. A piece of holly kept from the Church decorations is said to bring good fortune throughout the year. Similarly, if holly is hung in the barn, animals will fatten and thrive. If picked on Christmas Day, it will serve as protection against witches and evil spirits. In some areas little lighted candles are placed on holly leaves and floated on water. If they float it is a sign that the project that the person has in mind at the time will prosper, but if they sink it is as well to abandon it.
If there was an abundance of red berries on a bush, it was believed that the winter would be severe as the bush was providing extra food for the birds to get through a harsh winter.
In the 19th century it was believed to remedy fever. In folk medicine it was believed that if you beat someone with holly until they bled it would cure chilblains.
Holly is the symbol of man.
Religious: Holly is used as a protective plant, and used as decoration during the Yule season. Planted outside the home, it will also afford protection. Sprinkle holly water on newborn babies to protect them.
Growing: Holly likes slightly acid soils, and can tolerate poor, sandy soil. It needs full sun, and grows to about 4 feet tall. | 137. Hops Humulus lupulus
| Medicinal: Hops is a sedative. Therefore, it is useful in treating insomnia and nervous tension. It is mild and safe. It is used in brewing beer and ales. Hops is also used for treating coughs, bladder ailments, and liver ailments. Externally it is used to treat itching skin rashes and hives. It also removes poisons from the body.
Religious: Hops is used in healing incenses. Sleep pillows often include hops to induce sleep and pleasant dreams.
Growing: Hops prefers full sun, and will adapt to many soils. It is a perennial vine that reaches to 30 feet in height. The portion of the plant used in healing are the dried flowers. | | 138. Horehound Marrubium vulgare | Medicinal: Horehound is used in children's cough remedies, as it is a gentle but effective expectorant. It acts as a tonic for the respiratory system and stomach. In large doses it acts as a laxative.
Religious: Horehound is used in incenses for protection. It is also used in exorcisms.
Growing: Horehound likes dry sandy soils and full sun. It is a perennial (except in very cold climates) that reaches to 3 feet tall. It is a vigorous grower and can become a pest if not carefully controlled. It needs little water, tolerates poor soils, and does best in full sun. It blooms during its second year. | | 139. Horseradish Armoracia lapathifolia | Medicinal: Grind some of the fresh root, combine it with a carrier oil, and use it to massage away muscular aches, and help loosen chest congestion. It can be used to warm a cold body, and to clear up drippy sinuses.
Religious: Horseradish is part of the Jewish Passover ritual. It also repels evil around the home and property.
Growing: Horseradish is a perennial plant that is cultivated throughout the world for its long, tasty root. It will grow two to three foot tall by its second year. | | 140. Horsetail Equisetum arvense | Medicinal: Horsetail is used in treating urinary tract infections. It aids in coagulation and decreases bleeding. It will also help broken bones heal faster, and will help brittle nails and hair, due to its high silica content. It has also been used as part of a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. The plant alone, boiled in water, makes an effective foot soak for tired feet, or for the treatment of athlete's foot. Do not use if pregnant or nursing.
Religious: Whistles made from the stalks of Horsetail are used to call the spirits.
Growing: Horsetail needs swamps and damp places to grow, in full sun to partial shade. It grows to 1 - 2 feet tall. The plant itself is used in healing. | | 141. Hyacinth (Muscari racemosum) | Family: Liliaceae
Common Names: ~ Starch Hyacinth~ ~Dutch Hyacinth~ ~Common Hyacinth~ ~Garden Hyacinth ~
The Grape Hyacinth, is cultivated in England as a garden plant. It is also known as the ~Starch Hyacinth~ because the flowers smell of wet starch. The name of the genus, Muscari, comes from the Greek word for ~musk,~ a smell yielded by some species.
It is said that Hyacinthus was Apollo's favorite companion. He was also loved by Zephyr, the West Wind. One day Apollo and Hyacinthus were playing a game to see who could throw a discus farther. Zephyr saw this competition and grew jealous of Hyacinthus' youth and beauty. When Apollo took up the discus and threw it, Zephyr blew the discus over and it hit Hyacinthus in the head. Apollo was horiffied and tried to stop the blood that came from his friend's wound. It was a to late to save Hyacinthus and when he died, the blood that had spilled onto the ground turned into a flower. That flower carries his name to this day and Apollo put Hyacinthus' body into the heavens as a constellation. The legend is probably not a true hyacinth, for the flower is not native to Greece.
One legend says the hyacinth arose from the blood of Ajax, whose defeat by Ulysses in a dispute for the arms of Achilles, threw him into a fit of madness. He slaughtered the sheep belonging to the Greek army, thinking they were his enemies. When he discovered his mistake, he killed himself and from his blood there rose a purple flower, bearing the inscription ~ai,~ his initials, also expressing a sigh. | | 142. Hydrangea (Hydrangea hortensia) | Family: Hydrangeaceae
The Hydrangeas are marsh or aquatic plants, and hence the name is derived from a Greek compound signifying water-vessel. Philibert Commerson, a French plant hunter in the mid-1700's, and his botanical assistant, a young fellow named Jean Baret, stayed by his master's side through incredible travails of intense cold, jungle sores, and near-drownings. But in Tahiti, Jean Baret was ~unveiled~ when he tried to fend off the advances of a Tahitian chieftain. Jean was really Jeanne, a women.
According to one version, when the expedition was over Jeanne Baret became Commerson's housekeeper and stayed by his side until his death. Then, she remarried, and for reasons unknown, changed her name to Hortense. Some say that Hydrangea hortensia, was named for the legendary Hortense.
Anthocyanin, a red pigment, is the source of color in hydrangea flowers. It can form a complex with aluminum and change to blue. | | 143. - 144. Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) | Family: Labiatae
Hyssop is native to the Mediterranean region and Asia. The word Hyssop stems from the Greek or Hebrew ~Azob~ or ~Bzob~ which means ~Holy Herb.~ It has been used throughout history for many purposes
According to the Bible, ~Leviticus 14:49-56~ it was used to treat Leprosy. Because of its strong camphor-like odor, it was used as a cleansing herb. Moses used this herb as his secret weapon to free and protect his people from all harm. Solomon in his songs and proverbs praised the Hyssop that ~springeth out of the wall.~ Christ, on the cross was given Hyssop and vinegar. ~St. John 19:29~
It was known as the holy herb by the Greeks and used for purifying temples and cleansing lepers. Today researchers discovered that the mold that produces penicillin grows on its leaf. Benedictine monks in the 1st century AD used it to flavor their liqueurs.
Tibetan priests offered Hyssop to their deities during sacred services, and Persians used a concoction of Hyssop as a lotion to help give a fine color to the skin. Pliny remarked on its effect on one's mind and taste, and the Indians used it to benefit cavities and the tissues of the body while alleviating bruises and soothing cuts and wounds.
Butterflies, hummingbirds and bees love Hyssop, and the edible leaves can be used for teas, salads and to flavor drinks.
Medicinal: Hyssop is used in treating lung ailments. The leaves have been applied to wounds to aid in healing. The tea is also used to soothe sore throats. It has been used to inhibit the growth of the herpes simplex virus.
Religious: Hyssop is used in purification baths and rituals, and used to cleanse persons and objects.
Growing: Hyssop prefers dry conditions, tolerates most soils, and full sun. It is a member of the mint family. It is a perennial shrubby plant growing to 3 feet tall. | | 145. Ice Plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.) | Family: Aizoaceae
Common Names: ~Crystal Ice Plant~
The genus name, Mesembryanthemum, was originally named ~Mesembrianthemum~ from ~mesembria~, meaning ~mid-day,~ because the flowers opened only in the sun, but when night-blooming species were discovered, the spelling was changed so that the name indicated a flower with its fruit in the middle (~mesos,~meaning ~middle,~ and ~bryon,~ meaning ~fruit~).
Crystallinum refers to the many ice-like bubbles on the plant. The common name is said to have arisen because it is said that even on the hottest day, the leaves are cool to the touch. Also when you cut open the foliage of these plants, the flesh is shiny and translucent like ice.
~Cryophytum~ is Greek for ~ice~ and ~plant.~The plant was not used by the early Indians. Native to South Africa, Iceplant was advertised in American seed lists of 1881 as a desirable vegetable for boiling like spinach or for a garnish. The leaves can be used as a substitute for making pickles, and added fresh to salads. | | 146. Iceland Moss Cetraria islandica | Medicinal: Iceland Moss, a lichen, has been used for centuries to treat all kinds of chest ailments. It is used to nourish the weak, elderly, and weakly children.
Growing: Iceland Moss grows in cold, humid mountain areas and wooded areas. It grows to 4 inches tall. | | 147. Ilima (Sida fallax) | The yellow Ilima flower is the ~Flower of Oahu,~ popularly used for leis, was once reserved for the Hawaiian royalty ~the Ali'.~
The flowers were used as a laxative for children, and the root bark mixed with the flowers was used as an asthma remedy. | |
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| 148. Impatiens (Impatiens wallerana) | Family: Balsaminaceae
Common Names: ~Sultana~ ~ Patient Lucy~ ~Busy Lizzie~
~Native to eastern Tropical Africa, Impatiens, so named because the seed capsule erupts and expels the seeds while still green at the slightest touch Claude Hope, is the man responsible for its popularity. It was originally collected in Zanzibar in Central Africa in 1865. Originally named I. sultana in honor of the Sultan of Zanzibar, the name was revised to I. walleriana to honor Horace. The early name stuck and the common name ~Sultana~ became the popular name for the plant. | | 149. Indian Pipe (Monotropa uniflora) | Family: Pyrolaceae
Common Names: ~Ghost Flower~ ~Corpse Plant~ ~American Iceplant~ ~Fairy-Smoke~ ~Eyebright~ ~Convulsion Root~ `Fit root~
~Convulsion weed~Indian Pipes are known as ~Ghosts of Summer's Woods.~ They have an eerie and unusual appreance and look like fungus. They are white, almost leafless plants bearing a single five-petaled flower that, when young, faces down. The shape of the plant resembles a clay pipe whose stem has been stuck in the earth. This albino of the flowering plant world is related to the dogwoods, heaths.
The Indian pipe is a member of the species called Monotropa uniflora, meaning ~once-turned~ and ~single-flowered.~ ~Once-turned~ refers to the fact that the flowers, which face the ground early in their life, turn straight upward once they begin producing seeds. The Indian pipe is a ~saprophyte~ (from the Greek, "rotten plant"), living on the decaying roots of other plants.
According to legend, a long time ago, before selfishness came into the world, the Cherokee people were happy sharing the hunting and fishing places with their neighbors. All this changed when Selfishness came into the world and man began to quarrel. The Cherokee Indians quarreled with tribes on the east. Finally the chiefs of several tribes met in council to try to settle the dispute. They smoked the pipe and continued to quarrel for seven days and seven nights. This displeased the Great Spirit because people are not supposed to smoke the pipe until they make peace. As he looked upon the old men with heads bowed, he decided to do something to remind people to smoke the pipe only at the time they make peace.
The Great Spirit turned the old men into greyish flowers now called ~Indian Pipes~ and he made them grow where friends and relatives had quarreled. He made the smoke hang over these mountains until all the people all over the world learn to live together in peace.
The plant can't be picked because its flesh turns black when cut or even bruised. It also oozes a clear, gelatinous substance when picked. Due to these, the Indian pipe is called ~Ghost flower,~ ~Corpse plant,~ ~American Iceplant~ and ~Fairy-smoke.~
It was used as a medicine, first by American Indians. They used it as an eye lotion which gave rise to the name, ~Eyebright.~ Americans of the last century treated spasms, fainting spells, and nervous conditions with it which gave rise to the names ~Convulsion root,~ ~Fitroot,~ and ~Convulsion weed.~ | | 150. Intyre | This plant has large and broad leaves. They are smashed into a paste. This paste is applied directly to a cut or other bleeding wound. It helps to stop bleeding and any further damage due to blood loss. The plant can be found in most moist forestry areas. A four ounce jar costs about 37 silver and 5 ceramic pieces and is good for about 5-6 uses. | | 151. Iris | Family: Iridaceae
The Greek word ~Iris~ means ~rainbow.~ The flower got its name from the Greek goddess Iris, the goddess of the rainbow, who was a messenger on Mount Olympus. Iris would take messages from ~the eye of Heaven~ to earth by the arc of the rainbow. The word iris also means ~eye of heaven.~ It was the name given to the goddess, this flower, and the center of your eye. This means that each of us carries a piece of heaven with us. The iris is the symbol of Idea and Message. Greek men would often plant an iris on the graves of their beloved women as a tribute to the goddess Iris, whose duty was to take the souls of women to the Elysian fields.
The three leaves of the iris represent faith, wisdom, and valor. Iris flowers have three petals often called the ~standards~ and three outer petal-like sepals called the ~falls~. It has been a symbol of royalty and divine protection for centuries throughout the world. During the 5th Century, the iris was used for various purposes, including art, where Clovis, King of pagan Franks, created banners to illustrate royal standards for his subjects. Also, Indian and Egyptian cultures used the flower in art to depict life and resurrection.
The Fleur-de-Lis, ~a stylized Iris motif~ has symbolized France since the 13th century. It was also used by the monarchs of France to decorate their royal robes, furnishings and walls. Traditionally, it has been used to represent French royalty and is said to signify perfection, light, and life. Legend has it that an angel presented Clovis, the Merovingian king of the Franks, with a golden lily as a symbol of his purification upon his conversion to Christianity. Others claim that Clovis adopted the symbol when waterlilies showed him how to safely cross a river and succeed in battle. In the 12th century, King Louis VI became the first French monarch to use the fleur-de-lis on his shield. The iris found its way onto England's coat of arms ~British Royal Arms,~ after King Edward III laid claim to the French crown. English kings later used the symbol on their coats of arms to emphasize their claims to the throne of France. In the 14th century, the fleur-de-lis was often incorporated into the family insignia that was sewn on the knight's surcoat, which was worn over their coat of mail, thus the term, ~coat of arms.~ Joan of Arc carried a white banner that showed God blessing the French royal emblem, the fleur-de-lis, when she led French troops to victory over the English in support of the Dauphin, Charles VII, in his quest for the French throne.
The Roman Catholic Church ascribed the lily as the special emblem of the Virgin Mary. Due to its three petals, the fleur-de-lis has also been used to represent the Holy Trinity.
Military units, including divisions of the United States Army, have used the symbol's resemblance to a spearhead to identify martial power and strength.
The ~Fleur-de-lys~ was originally named the ~fleur-de-Louis,~ after Louis VII, in 1147 A.D. Through time, it changed to ~fleur-de-luce~ which means ~flower of light,~ to finally be known as today's version, the ~fleur-de-lys~ which means, ~flower of the lily.~
Irises are also known as ~flags~ or ~sword flags,~ relating them to symbols of heraldry and royalty. In Japan it expresses heroism and the blue colour refers to blue blood, so irises play a key role in the Japanese spring festival for boys.
Irises are depicted in the still life paintings of the Dutch masters and Vincent van Gogh.
Originating in the Mediterranean region and southern Europe, the Iris was considered a symbol of power by the ancient Egyptians. They placed the iris on the brow of the Sphinx and on the scepters of their kings as a symbol of power. In the year 1479 B.C. in Egypt, to commemorate his victory in Syria, King Thutmose III had pictures of irises drawn on the walls of his temple.
As a sacred flower, the Iris was credited with healing powers and was used in ancient medicine. In the first century AD, the Greek physician Dioscorides recommended iris root drunk with honey, vinegar or wine for coughs, colds, indigestion and sciatica. The root of the iris is used to make fragrances, and potpourri.
Iris is the National flower of France and has been used for the insignia and emblem of France. It has a vase life of 4 to 5 days. | | 152. - 153. Ivy (Hedera helix) | Family: Araliaceae
Common Names: ~English Ivy~
Originated in Europe, but also common in Asia. Ivy has been a symbol of eternal life in the pagan world and then came to represent new promise and eternal life in the Christian world. Ivy is more of an English Christmas green than an American one. It is a clinging plant, feminine in nature, not like the masculine holly leaf. Considered a symbol of woman, if put together with Holly (the symbol of man) at Christmas, it would bring peace in a home between a husband and wife, for the following year. Ivy stands for friendship and fidelity in marriage. It was the ancient symbol of Bacchus, the god of wine and revelry.
During the German occupation of the Channel Islands ivy berries were boiled and eaten It was used as a wash for swelling, sores, dandruff and other skin problems. In folk medicine the leaves were boiled and used to treat corns.
Flowers have a short vase life of 2 - 5 days
Medicinal: The leaves have been used externally as a poultice to treat sores, ulcers, and other skin eruptions.
Religious: Ivy is grown to grow up the ouside of the home to act as a guardian and protector. It is worn by brides to bring luck to the marriage.
Growing: Ivy has many different varieties, and most will adapt to many different soil and growing conditions. It grows throughout North America. | | 154. Ixora (Ixora coccinea L.) | Family: Rubiaceae
Common Names: ~Flame Of The Wood~ ~Jungle Flame~ ~Jungle Geranium~ ~Burning Love~
Ixora is native to India and Sri Lanka. In Malaysia it's known as ~Bunga Jarum~ The word ~jarum~ meaning needle in reference to its needle shaped flowers. In Thailand it is called the ~needle flower.~ The roots of the ixoras are used for medicinal purposes. | | 155. Jack in the pulpuit (Arisaema triphyllum) | Family: Araceae (Arum family)
Common Names: ~Indian Turnip.~
Jack-in-the-Pulpit is found in shaded woody areas around May. ~Jack in the Pulpuit~ is actually a small inflorescence of minute flowers which turns into a club-shaped mass of red berries, often called an ~Indian Turnip.~ | | 156. Jacobean Lily (Sprekelia formosissima) | Family: Amaryllidaceae
Common Names: ~St James Lily~ ~Aztec Lily~ ~Amaryllis formosissima~
This plant is native of Mexico and Guatemala. Thomas Jefferson grew this weird, plant from bulbs sent to him by the great Philadelphia nursery-man Bernard McMahon.
It has medicinal values, makes a valuable ornamental plant and is used to make one of the best biodegradable, natural pesticide. It is known as a fumitory and masticatory in South America. All parts contain nicotine and are considered poisonous. | | 157. Jacob's Ladder (Polemonium caeruleum) | Family: ~Polemoniaceae~
Common Names: ~Greek Valerian~ ~Bluebell~ ~Skunk Weed~
Native to the northeastern United States, Jacob's ladder grows in bogs and wetlands. It is also known as Greek Valerian although it doesn't have any of their medicinal qualities. It is a member of the phlox family. Polemonium comes from the from the Greek ~polemonion,~ a name used originally for a medicinal plant associated with the philosopher Polemos of Cappadocia. In Latin, the species name pulcherrimum means ~most handsome~ The genus name of Jacob's ladder is attributed to several namesakes, including King Polemon of Pontus and an early Anthenian philosopher of the same name. The Greek word ~polemos~ also means ~war.~ Pliny the Elder, a Roman scholar, wrote that the name came from the war created by two kings who both claimed to be the first to discover the plant's medicinal virtues. The Native American name for Jacob's ladder translates to ~smells like a pine~ which describes the scent of the root. It's common name refers to the ladder like shape of the leaves.
Jacob's ladder blooms in June and July. Native tribes used it to make a head and hair wash. They also used the root to induce vomiting and treat skin diseases and other ailments. European Jacob's ladders were grown in gardens for centuries because they were considered to have a wide range of medicinal values.
Jacob's ladder makes a good container flower and the dried flowers are used potpourris | | 158. Jasmine Jasminum officinale | Medicinal: Jasmine tea is drunk for its calming affect, especially after dinner, as well as for its aphrodisiacal qualities. Jasmine oil used in massage is soothing to the skin, and reported to be an aphrodisiac. It is used in aromatherapy to treat depression and nerve conditions, and as a massage oil for menstrual cramps.
Religious: Jasmine is used in love sachets and incenses. It is used to attract spiritual love. A drop of the essential oil in almond oil, massaged into the skin, is said to overcome frigidity. Carrying, burning, or wearing the flowers attracts wealth and money. If burned in the bedroom, Jasmine will bring prophetic dreams.
Growing: Jasmine is best grown indoors in pots. It is an evergreen vine. It likes bright light, but no direct sun, some support such as a trellis, lots of water, and occasional fertilizing. | | 159. Jellena (Freedom) | This is a cactus like plant and the sap is collected. It is then boiled with water then allowed to dry. The cake left behind is then crushed into powder. It is a yellowish powder. One ounce of powder can be made from two pounds of leaf sap. The ounce of powder is put in a half pint of water and then drunk. The effects are intense hallucinations (usually audio, but visual hallucinations are possible, too) and an REM type sleep. The person will fall down if he not already laying down. He'll experience all his dreams and desires as he wants them to be. No communication is possible The effects last for about 3 hours. It is so addictive that there is a 75% chance of addiction with each use. Withdrawal is exceptionally painful. This drug is extremely rare and the addict will go to any measure to get his next fix. The cost is 10 gold pieces or more for just one dose. | | 160. Job's Tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) | Family: Poaceae (Grass family)
Common Names: ~David's Tears~ ~Saint Mary's Tears~ ~Christ's Tears~ (~Lacryma Christi~) ~Tear Drops~ ~Adlay~
Job's Tears is a tall, roadside, wild grass that produces nature's most perfect beads. It's seed is naturally polished and has a hole through it, exactly like a bead. The name Job's Tears refers to the droplet-shaped, ~beads~ and to the biblical man ~Job~ of the Old Testament who endured great suffering. It is agreed that the beads resemble tears, but there is some disagreement as to exactly whose tears the beads resemble. Depending on where you are in the world, this plant goes by various names including ~David's tears,~ ~Saint Mary's tears,~ ~Christ's tears~ and just ~Plain tears~ drops. The dried, gray beads are strung into necklaces throughout tropical regions of the world.
Native to tropical Asia, Job's tears are used for food, by peasants of the Far East. The 17th century naturalist George Eberhard Rumphius stated that in his day Job's tears were planted in Java and Celebes on the margins of rice fields. According to Agnes Arber (The Gramineae, 1965), Job's tears were introduced into China in the first century A.D. by a Chinese general who conquered Tongking, where the grains were widely used as a cereal. The general became so fond of Job's tears that he carried back several cartloads of the seeds to his own country.
In India, the Nagas use the grain for brewing a beer called ~zhu~ or ~dzu.~ Japanese brew a tea and an alcoholic beverage, and roasted seeds are made into a coffee-like drink. The leaves are used as fodder in parts of India, and are especially relished by elephants.
The most important use of this plant is bead jewelry. Their natural color is white, but they can be dyed shades of red, blue, green and yellow. In addition to bead necklaces, belts, bracelets and earrings, they are also made into rosaries. In Central America, strings of Job's tears are used for the arms and legs of little seed dolls. Strings of Job's tears were reportedly given to teething babies.
Job's tears is also used for musical instruments. Shaker gourds are probably one of the earliest musical instruments. In Africa, hollow gourds are covered with a loose net strung with hundreds of Job's tears. | | 161. Jojoba Simmondsia chinensis | Medicinal: Jojoba oil from the seed has been used to promote hair growth and relieve skin problems for centuries. It is effective in treating dandruff, psoriasis, dry and chapped skin. | | 162. Jonquil (Narcissus jonquilla) | Family: Amaryllidaceae
Narcissus is the Latin name for all daffodils. Daffodil is the common name for all members of the genus Narcissus, the genus Narcissus is a member of the Amaryllis family. The word ~narcissus~ is derived from the Greek word ~narke~ meaning ~numbness~ or ~stupor.~ Some attribute the naming of the flower to its narcotic fragrance while others belive that it is associated with the poisonous nature of the bulbs.
Native to Spain and Algeria. It is the favorite flower of Queen Anne. She wove patterns of jonquil blossoms in her delicate needlework which included carpets, tapestry and dresses. She was inspired by her love of jonquils to establish Kensington Palace Gardens, the first public gardens in England.
A Greek myth relates the story of Proserpina. While she gathering lilies, she was kidnapped by the god Pluto who carried her to the underworld. As Pluto carried Proserpina, she dropped the lilies. As the lilies fell to earth, they became daffodils, hanging their heads for Proserpina's sorrow.
In the Language of Flowers they mean ~Have pity on my passion~ and ~I desire a return of affection~ The flowers yield a sweet-smelling yellow oil is obtained in the south of France, used in perfumes. | | 163. Juniper Juniperis spp. | Medicinal: Juniper has been used to clear uric acid from the body. It is high in natural insulin, and has the ability to heal the pancreas where there has been no permanent damage. It is useful for all urinary infections and for water retention problems. Juniper is used externally as a compress to treat acne, athlete's foot, and dandruff.
Religious: Juniper is used to protect from accidents and theft. Grown at your doorstep, it will offer your home protection. It is used in incenses for protection.
Growing: Junipers of all species are adaptable to many growing conditions. They are low-maintenance plants. Choose a species suited to your landscape needs, to avoid problems later, as some folks plant them with no regard for their eventual size, and sometime find they have a nuisance on their hands as the plant matures. If you want berries, you must plant a male and a female juniper. | | 164. Kalanchoe (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana) | Family: Crassulaceae
Common Names: ~Christmas Kalanchoe~
Kalanchoe is found in subtropical and tropical countries throughout the world though native to Africa and Madagascar. The genus name, Kalanchoe, was derived from the native name for a Chinese species. The species name, blossfeldiana, was given in honor of Robert Blossfeld, a German hybridizer who in 1932 introduced it in Potsdam from Madagascar. | | 165. Kangaroo (PawAnigozanthos flavidus) | Family: Haemodoraceae
Common Names: ~Green Kangaroo Paw~ ~Mangles' Kangaroo Paw~
The botanical name anigozanthus is derived from the Greek ~anoigo~ meaning ~to open,~ and anthos meaning ~flower.~ The name reflects the kangaroo paw's way of opening widely from the blossom's base.
French botanist Jacques-Julian Houton de Labillardiere was the first European to collect the kangaroo paw at his home near Esperance in 1792. The Red and Green Kangaroo Paw was first collected in the Swan River Colony in the early years of its settlement, and was described by D. Don in 1836.
The plant was proclaimed Western Australia's floral emblem on 9 November 1960 and was incorporated into the State Coat of Arms on 17 March 1969.
There are 11 species of kangaroo paws and catspaws, which grow only in the south-west. It attracts hummingbirds and the floral stems make excellent cut flowers. | | 166. Kava Kava Piper methysticum | Medicinal: Used to treat insomnia and nervousness. Relieves stress after injury. Used as a tea for pains associated with nerve and skin diseases. Large doses can cause a buildup of toxic substances in the liver.
Religious: A tea of kava kava is drunk to offer protection against evil and to invite good luck. Sprinkle the tea around the home and property for the same uses.
Growing: Kava Kava grows on many South Pacific tropical islands. It grows 8 to 20 feet tall. Try growing it as a houseplant, with frequent misting for humidity, or placing on humidity trays. Seeds and plants are available from several mail-order sources. | | 167. Kelp Fucus versiculosus | Medicinal: Kelp is used to strengthen and promote the glands. It controls the thyroid and regulates metabolism. It is a sustainer to the nervous system and the brain, and is a terrific boost for pregancy and the developing child. It contains over 30 minerals and vitamins.
Growing: Best found in stores, as this is a seaweed that grows in the ocean. | | 168. Lady's Bedstraw (Galium verum) | Family: Rubiacaea
Common Names: ~Our Lady's Bedstraw~ ~Yellow Bedstraw~ ~Maid's Hair~ ~Petty Mugget~ ~Cheese Renning~ ~Cheese Rennet~
The name of this genus, Galium, comes from the Greek word ~gala.~ Native to the British Isles, Europe, Asia and Mesopotamia, it is a medicinal plant and also produces a red dye in its roots, used to dye wool. Because of its bright yellow blossoms, it is also known as ~Maid's Hair.~ Also called ~Petty Mugget,~ from the French ~petit muguet,~ ~a little dandy.~ The common name, ~Lady's Bedstraw~ is derived from its use in the olden days, when it was dried and used for making bedding. According to a Christian legend, this was one of the ~Cradle Herbs,~ meaning it was the hay used in the manger at Bethlehem, where Jesus was born. The dried leaves smell of fresh mown hay. Flowers will coagulate boiling milk and was used from the time of the Greeks to the 1800s as a means of curdling milk in cheese manufacture. It was called ~Cheese Renning~ in the 16th century. The people in Cheshire, where the best cheese is made, use it in their rennet. Not used for cooking. Bedstraws are food for caterpillars of the Bee Hawk moth. | | 169. Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla vulgaris) | Family: Rosaceae
Common Names: ~Lion's Foot~ Bear's Foot~ ~Dewcup~Lion's Foot~ ~Bear's Foot~ ~Nine Hooks~ ~Leontopodium~ ~Stellaria Dewcup~ ~Breakstone~ ~Lion's Foot~ ~Stellaria~ ~Woman's Best Friend~ French Name: ~Pied-de-lion~ German Name: ~Frauenmantle~
Lady's mantle is native to most of Europe, northwest Asia, northeast USA and Greenland. The name Lady's Mantle in German ~Frauenmantle,~was first given by the 16th-century botanist, Jerome Bock, known by the Latin version of his name; ~Tragus.~It appears under this name in his famous History of Plants, published in 1532, and Linnaeus adopted it.
In the Middle Ages, Lady's Mantle was dedicated to the Virgin Mary, hence the name ~Lady's Mantle,~ the lobes of the leaves resemble the scalloped edges of a mantle. In mediaeval Latin it is called ~Leontopodium~meaning ~lion's foot~ because of its spreading root-leaves, and this gave it's French name, ~Pied-de-lion.~ It's scientific name Alchemilla is derived from the Arabic word, ~Alkemelych~ meaning ~alchemy~ was given because of the powers of the plant.
The folk name, ~Dewcup~ comes from the special way that dew collects on the leaves of Lady Mantle. These drops of moisture were considered a holy water which could cleanse all illness. During the Middle Ages, these magical dew drops were used by alchemists in many of their mystical potions. Lady's Mantle has long been a healing herb for women, said to regulate and the menstrual cycle and ease menopause. Tea can be made from dried leaves or stems.
Lady's Mantle is a feminine flower. It is said that if a female feels her femininity threatened in any way, then bring a vase of these flowers into the house and the feminine spirit will feel strengthened. Lady's Mantle was carried to attract love. | |
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| 170. Larkspur (Delphinium sp.) | Family: Ranunculaceae (Buttercup family)
Common names: ~Low Larkspur~ ~Little Larkspur~ ~Montane Larkspur~ ~Lark's Heel~ ~Lark's Claw~ ~Elijah's Chariot~
Larkspur was discovered in the mid-1800's across North America's prairie lands. It is a tall and slender flower, with a wide color range of white, blue, purple, red and various shades of green, which account for the species Latin name meaning ~to become green. ~
According to legend, during the time of the famous Gold Rush of 1849, the Crane boys, a pair of mischievous youths searching to strike it rich, began an adventure from their midwest home to the California coast. Throughout the journey across the midwestern plains, the boys encountered countless waves of poisonous snakes and other harmful species. To combat these horrific attacks, the Crane boys used tall larkspur ~a stout and lengthy species of the flower,~ as a guarding device and defense tool while they rested.
The larkspur and the delphinium are close relatives; both are named for the shape of their flowers. The spur, looks like parts of the lark; hence ~Larkspur~ ~Lark's Heel~ and ~Lark's Claw.~ Its more delicate foliage differentiates it from the delphinium. Larkspurs symbolize lightness and swiftness. | | 171. Laurel (Laurus nobilis) | Family: Lauraceae Bay is the common name used for laurel.
Laurel has been the symbol of Glory and Fame since ancient times, when crowns of Laurel were placed upon the heads of triumphant soldiers and ~poets laureate.~As the bay tree, the true laurel of the Ancients, is scarce in England, substitutions such the common cherry laurel, the Portugal laurel, the Aucubaand others are often used. Great protective powers were also ascribed to the bay laurel -- if you stood near a laurel tree, you couldn't be struck by lightning or suffer from the spells of evil witches. Among the pagan Romans, the laurel leaf was sacred to the sun god Apollo. In Christianity, it came to symbolize the triumph of Humanity as represented by the Son Man.English traditions hold that if two lovers pluck a laurel twig and break it in half, each keeping a piece, they will be lovers forever. | | 172. Lavendar Lavandula officinalis | Medicinal: Lavendar tea made from the blossoms is used as an antidepressant. It is used in combination with other herbs for a remedy for depression and nervous tension and stress. It is also used as a headache remedy.
Religious: Lavendar is used in purification baths and rituals. It is used in healing incenses and sachets. Carrying the herb will enable the carrier to see ghosts. The essential oil will heighten sexual desire in men. Lavendar water sprinkled on the head is helpful in keeping your chastity. The flowers are burned to induce sleep, and scattered throughout the home to maintain peaceful harmony within. Carrying lavendar brings strength and courage.
Growing: Lavendar likes light sandy soil and full sun. It grows to 18 inches. It should be mulched in colder climates for winter protection for this perennial. | | 173. Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) | Family: Lamiaceae Lindl.
Common Names: ~Spike~ ~Elf~ ~Nard~ ~Nardus~
Lavender is a hardy, aromatic evergreen shrub, native to the Mediterranean. The botanical name, ~Lavandula~comes from the Latin ~lavare,~ meaning ~to wash.~ Lavender has been around for several thousand years, dating back to the times of the ancient Greeks. The Romans were responsible for the spread of lavender throughout Europe, taking it with them everywhere they went, in order to have local supplies of lavender oil which they used extensively in many ways. It was a favored herb in ancient Greece and Rome and was used in bath water for both its scent and therapeutic values.
During the Middle Ages, it was considered to be the ~herb of love.~ Because of its clean, fresh scent and insect-repellent properties, it was a popular strewing herb. It was an ingredient in smelling salts and was used to disinfect wounds during war time. Lavender has been a popular rock and flower garden plant. Linen and clothing were thrown over the bushes to dry and absorb the sweet smell of the lavender. It can be used dried, loose or on the stems. Lavender potpourri has been used to keep moths away and to enhance the aroma of rooms, closets and linens.
For centuries lavender was a staple herb in many kitchens. Tea made from the flowers helps releive headaches. A facial wash from lavender flowers stimulates cell growth and helps against acne. Also used as a sedative and disinfectant. Lavender has a strong antibacteriual action and helps heal cuts, burns and stings. Was used extensively as an antispectic in World Wars I and II. During the 13th and 14th centuries, lavender was grown in monastery gardens for medicinal purposes. The glove makers of Grasse, France used lavender oil to scent leather and reportedly, they seldom caught the plague. People began to carry posies of lavender to ward off illness.
Traditionally, sprigs of lavender were placed in the hands of women in labor. Squeezing the fragrant bundles was said to give them strength and courage during childbirth. Lavender posies were given to newly-married couples to bring good luck and sprinkling dried lavender flowers in the home is said to bring peacefulness. Folk magic is associated with lavender. Carrying or inhaling lavender was reported to enable one to see ghosts. A sprig of lavender carried in combination with a sprig of rosemary was said to preserve chastity.
Lavender was also worn as protection against the evil eye. Lavender is one of the sacred herbs of midsummer. The Virgin Mary is said to have dried her newborn's swaddling clothes by spreading them on a bed of wild lavender. | | 174. - 175. Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.) | Family: Labiatae
Common Names: ~Heart's Delight~ ~Balm Mint~ ~Bee Balm~ ~Blue Balm~ Cure-all~ ~Garden Balm~ Honey Plant~ ~Sweet Balm~ ~Sweet Mary Balm~ ~Melissa~Dropsy Plant~French Name: ~Citronelle~ German Name: ~ Zitronmelisse~
Lemon Balm was known as the ~Elixir of Life.~ It is said that the plant is named after the Greek nymph Melissa, protectress of the bees. The name Melissa is said to be an abbreviation of the Latin name ~melissophyllum~ meaning ~bee plant or leaf.~ ~Melissa~being a Latin derivation of the Greek word for ~honey bee.~ ~officinalis~ indicates that the plant is medicinal in nature.
Native to southern Europe and northern Africa, Lemon Balm is now cultivated throughout the world. Londoners of Elizabethan times would carry small bouquets, called ~Tussie Mussies,~ filled with aromatic herbs and flowers, including Lemon Balm, which they would frequently sniff to get rid of stench of the unsanitary conditions. It is one of the earliest known medicinal herbs, dating back to at least 2000 years and was associated with nervous disorders, the heart and emotions. The ancient Greeks used this plant for its soothing smell and its medicinal properties. Lemon Balm is antibacterial and anti viral in nature. It is also a sedative herb, lowering fever, relaxing spasms and improving digestion.
People of the Mediterranean used this herb to attract honey bees. Till today Bee keepers often rub the inside of a new hive with the leaves to encourage a new swarm to stay. It is used in fruit salads, vegetables and herb vinegars. It is also used as a garnish. Freeze leaves into ice cubes to serve in lemonade. The leaves are also used for polishing wood. Dried, it is used in potpourri.
Medicinal: Lemon Balm is used to treat children with fever, flu, and colds. In adults, it treats colds, headaches, depression, menstrual cramps, insomnia, and nervous stomachs. It has also been used to treat hyperthyroidism (Grave's disease), herpes simplex, and indigestion. The crushed leaves are applied to wounds and insect bites to aid in healing. The essential oil, also known as Melissa, is used in aromatherapy to ease depression.
Religious: Lemon Balm is used in spells to bring success, and in healing spells. It is often used in spells to find love and friendship.
Growing: Lemon Balm is a perennial that can reach up to 3 feet high. It needs full sun and rich soil with regular watering. Plant where you can enjoy the lemon scent of the leaves from a porch, deck, or open window. | | 176. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa.) | Family: Asteraceae
Common Names: ~Leaf~ ~Loose-Leaf Lettuce~ ~Cos~ ~Romaine~ ~Crisphead~ ~Butterhead~ ~Stem~ ~Asparagus Lettuce~
Lettuce is one of the oldest known vegetables and is native to the Mediterranean area. It is a member of the sunflower family. There are five distinct types of lettuce: ~Leaf~ or ~Loose-Leaf Lettuce,~ ~Cos~ or ~Romaine,~ ~Crisphead,~ ~Butterhead~ and ~Stem~ or ~Asparagus Lettuce.~ The main European producers of lettuce are Spain, Italy, France and the Netherlands.
Its Latin name ~Lactuca~means ~milk~ due the gel it exudes when cut. Some people believe that it was due to lettuce's use once as a sedative. In the 1600s, John Winthrop Jr. brought packets of lettuce seed to America from England. Lettuce was grown by the Assyrians, Greeks and Egyptians in the olden days. The Romans believed it had medicinal properties. It was believed to be a powerful aphrodisiac and possess child-bearing powers. It was served at feasts and weddings and also thought to prevent drunkeness.
In England the country folk believed that planting lettuce in the garden could prevent conception. Till the 1920s, ~Iceberg~ lettuce was called ~Crisphead.~ It was renamed when California began transporting large quantities of lettuce underneath mounds of ice to keep them cool. 25% of all iceberg lettuce is made into fresh-cut salads. Romaine lettuce was named by the Romans who believed it had healthful properties. Emperor Ceasar Augustus put up a statue praising lettuce because he believed it cured him from an illness.
In Europe, Romaine lettuce is called ~Cos,~ named after the Greek island of ~Kos~in the Aegean Sea.In the United States, lettuce is the second most popular fresh vegetable. Americans eat about 30 pounds of lettuce every year. In 1988, more than 153,000 acres of lettuce were harvested in California. Lettuce is packed in the field. Darker green lettuce leaves are more nutritious than lighter green leaves. | | 177. Lianthus (Linanthus spp.) | Family: Polemoniaceae
Common names: ~Showy Linanthus~ ~Sand-Blossoms~ ~ Mojave Linanthus~ ~Golden Linanthus~ ~ Sierra Nevada Linanthus~ ~Mustang Clover~ ~Deserttrumpets~
Native of the Pacific Coast, Lianthus has dense clusters of white, trumpet-shaped flowers tinged with pink or lavender. It is an annual herb that is native to California and is endemic (limited) to California. It was ranked by CNPS as a rare plant ~1997.~ | | 178. Liatris (Liatris callilepis) | Family: Asteraceae (Aster family)
Common Names: ~Purple Poker~ ~Kansas Gay Feather~ ~Button Snakeroot~ ~Blazing Star~ ~Spire~ ~ Spike~ ~Gayfeather
~Liatris resembles a bottle-brush. It's foliage is dark green and grass-like, and stems are woody. Flowers have a vase life of 7 to 8 days. | | 179. Licorice Glycyrrhiza glabra | Medicinal: Licorice Root is a great source of the female hormone estrogen. It is used for coughs and chest ailments. It is an important herb to use when recovering from an illness, as it supplies needed energy to the system. Used as a remedy for stomach and heart problems, indigestion, and most respiratory ailments. Helps to normalize and regulate hormone production. Should not be used by pregnant women as it can sometimes lead to high blood pressure with prolonged use.
Religious: Licorice root was buried in tombs and caskets to help the soul pass easily into the Summerland. Chewing on a piece of the root will make you passionate. It is added to love sachets, and an ingredient in spells to ensure fidelity.
Growing: Licorice is a perennial that reaches 3 to 7 feet tall. Hard freezes will kill it, so it grows best in warm sunny climates. | | 180. Liesenby | This is a natural pain killer. The flower has five pedals, and all five are soaked in water and after several minutes are laid across a wound (fracture, et cetera). Or the leaves can be chewed, the effect this has is relief from anxiety to a small degree. This is common in battlefield situations. The pain of a wound is completely deadened when used in the first described application. The flowers are bright red, and the plant grows to about 5 feet tall. This is often found on sunny slopes, or rocky slopes/soil. | | 181. Lily (Lilium Candidum) | Family: N.O. Liliaceae
Common Names: ~Asiatic Lilies~ ~Oriental Lilies~ ~Madonna Lily~
Lilies grow all around the northern Hemisphere. They are divided into five groups. Asiatic Lilies, Oriental Lilies, Tiger Lilies, Trumpet Lilies, Turks Cap LiliesOriental Lilies are the largest of the Lily family, ranging between 6 - 10" in diameter.
The lily gets it's name from the Greek name ~leirion~and the Roman name ~lilium~.Lily is considered to be the most significant flower for the Christians and is a symbol of purity, being associated with virgins, it became known as the ~Madonna Lily.~ Until the 16th century the Madonna lily was the only garden variety known. The white Madonna lily is considered the special flower of the Holy Virgin, for Christian lore tells that the lily had been yellow until the day the Virgin Mary stooped to pick it. Another legend tells that the lily sprang from Eve's tears, when expelled from Eden, she learned that she was pregnant.
The Lily was a popular flower in ancient Jewish civilization and is mentioned in the old and new Testaments. With Christianity, the lily became the symbol of chastity and virtue. Through its association with the Virgin Mary, it also became the symbol of virgin martyrs and saints. In both the Christian and pagan tradition, the the Lily is a symbol of fertility. In ancient Greek and Roman marriage ceremonies, the priest placed a crown of lilies garnished with ears of wheat, on the brides head, as a symbol of purity and abundance. Lilies are also a symbol of death, and were placed on graves.
Lily were discovered in a villa in Amnisos, Crete, which dates from the Minoan Period, about 1580 B.C. The lily was the Minoan sacred flower, a special attribute of the Great Minoan Goddess Britomartis or Dictynna who had her origin in Neolithic times. She maintained her supremacy in Crete until the mysterious cataclysm that befell Minoan civilization in the middle of the 16th century B.C. when her cult was gradually assimilated into the religion of the Greeks and she became the precursor of Greek Artemis.
Lily was dedicated to the goddess Hera, the wife of Zeus. Legend has it that when Zeus fathered Hercules with the mortal woman Alceme, he wished his son to partake more fully of divinity. To attain this, he had the baby brought to Hera after he drugged her to sleep. Then he placed the baby at her breast and Hercules nursed. Hera awoke in horrified surprise and flung the baby from her. Some of her milk gushed across the heavens and formed the milky way. A few drops fell to earth and from those drops sprang the first lilies.
According to a Roman legend, when Venus rose from the sea-foam she saw a lily and was filled with envy at the whiteness and beauty of the lily. Seeing it as a rival to her own beauty she caused a huge and monstrous pistil to spring from the lily's snow-white center. This myth accounts for the the lily being associated with Venus and the Satyrs who are the personification of lustful ardor. In Rome, lilies were known as ~Rosa junonis,~ or ~Juno's rose.~
The Lily was a symbol of nobility. Lily is an emblem of summer and abundance according to the Chinese and was the holy flower of the ancient Assyrians. In medieval times, white lilies were often used for medical treatments. Modern science, has proven these lily remedies to be only myths.
Other folklore tells us that lilies, spontaneously appeared on the graves of people executed for crimes they did not commit. Some believe that planting lilies in a garden will protect the garden from ghosts and evil spirits. In China, the day lily is the emblem for motherhood. The Romans were said to cure corns with the juice from lily bulbs. Spaniards believed that eating a lily's petals would restore someone who had been transformed into a beast back into human form. In medieval times, lilies symbolized feminine sexuality. To dream of lilies in spring foretells marriage, happiness and prosperity. To dream of them in winter indicates frustration of hopes, and the premature death of a loved one.
The average vase life of a stem of lilies is 14 - 20 days. Individual blooms generally last 4 - 5 days. For a longer flower life, remove anthers from open flower before yellow pollen stains white petals. Gently run of pollen stains with cotton. If you get lily pollen on your clothing, use a dry toothbrush, chenille stem or dry towel to brush off. Do not brush off with your hands as this rubs pollen deeper into fabric.
White lilies symbolize innocence, purity and sweetness. Yellow lilies express gratitude and gaiety. | | 182. Limonium (Limonium sinuatum) | Family: Plumbaginaceae
Common Name: Statice
Limonium is an ancient Greek name derived from the word for ~meadow.~ Limonium is recommended for use in dried arrangements. | | 183. Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) | Family: Liliaceae
Lotus is sacred to all Oriental and Asian cultures. It is used in many works of art especially in India. The Lotus flower has represented divine female fertility in the Orient for over 5,000 years.
The Chinese celebrate the lotus flower in July, the symbol of perfection and purity. They call it ~the flower of gentlemen.~ The blue lotus was sacred to the Egyptians because it was associated with the sun god, ~Ra.~
According to Bhuddhism, Lord Buddha designated an important document called as the ~Lotus Sutra.~ To him, the Lotus was very beautiful and its large white bloom was so outstanding in muddy water that it symbolized the enlightened one in a world of ignorant beings. Therefore, the official symbol of Buddhism is the White Lotus Flower. The closed lotus represents potential. Depending on the number of petals, the lotus' symbolism changes. With eight petals, it represents cosmic harmony, with 1,000 petals it means spiritual revelation.
Asians consider it to be a valuable food. The the roots and seeds can be eaten. The Lotus seed is sweet and is used to make a sweet paste for a Chinese dessert, called ~Moon Cake,~ served during the Autumn Festival. During the Chinese new year, lotus seeds are cooked and served to visiting relatives. The lotus leaves are used to wrap up rice for steaming.
The lotus is so highly venerated as a plant that it appears symbolically in architecture, paintings and held by Egyptian mummies. It was sacred to the Greeks as a symbol of beauty and in Hindu tradition, a golden lotus bore the god Brahma. The lotus is the emblem of paradise in Japan. To the Hindus it was a symbol of the solar matrix, the maternal womb from which the sun rose to renew the word. In ancient Egypt similar concepts were symbolized by the rose of Isis, which replaced the original lotus when the cultivation of flowers spread to Egypt.
Lotus symbolizes Purity, Resurrection, Evolution, Potential. | | 184. Lovage Levisticum officinale | Medicinal: Lovage root eases bloating and flatulence. It is also used with other herbs to counteract colds and flu.
Religious: Lovage is added to baths to clean the pysychic portion of the mind. Added to baths with rose petals will make you attractive to the opposite sex.
Growing: Lovage is a perennial that grows 3 - 7 feet tall. It is adaptable to many conditions, and does best in full sun. | | 185. Lumme (Jyrki) | Clerics are the common users of this drug, or other spiritualists. It is supposed to allow the user to communicate with his god(s). The beans of the plant are pressed and the oil produced is collected. Two pounds of beans produce one ounce of oil. The oil is slow burning (about 4 minutes to burn one ounce). The oil is lit and the fumes are inhaled as quickly as possible. There is a 20% chance of heart failure and prolonged use can result in psychotic mental disorders or some personality disorders. Whether the vision is actually a hallucination or the actual god is up to the DM, but the user will believe it was the god and will follow through with the commands given (if any). The cost is 15 gold pieces per dose. | | 186. Lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus) | Family: Fabaceae (Pea family)
Common Names: ~Wild Pea~ ~Wild Bean~ ~Blue Pea~ Old Maid's Bonnet~ ~Quaker-Bonne~ Sundial~
The word ~lupine~ comes from the Latin word ~lupus,~ meaning ~wolf.~ It was thought that the lupine ~wolfed~ down the nutrients from the ground. However, it actually fertilizes the land around it.
There are more than 200 species of lupine. New Brunswick has the most diverse and abundant population of lupines in the world.
Lupine seeds are rich in protein and can be eaten. It can be used as fodder for cattle. Lupines are tough and can be found growing in dry places, like road sides and vacant fields. | | 187. Magnolia (Magnolia spp.) | Family: N.O. Magnoliaceae
Common Names: ~CucumberTree~ ~Magnoliae cortex~~Blue Magnolia~ ~Swamp Sassafras~ ~Magnolia Tripetata~ ~Chinese Magnolia~ ~Flos Magnoliae~~Magnolia Flower Bud~ Chinese Names: ~Hou Po Hua~ ~Hou Pu~ ~Hsin-I~ ~Shin-I~ ~Xin Yi~ ~Xinyihua~
The first magnolias introduced to Europe came from Virginia. In 1688, Sweet Bay Magnolia virginianawas the first magnolia introduced to Europe. Unaware of Asian names for the species, taxonomists named magnolias to commemorate Pierre Magnol, a professor of botany and medicine and director of the botanic garden at Montpellier, France in the early 18th century.
Magnolias are the oldest flowering plants of the world and lived during the time of the dinosaurs. Magnolia fossils have been found throughout Europe, North America, and Asia, in rocks over 100 million years old. Magnolia flowers are pollinated by beetles of the Nitidulidae family because magnolias evolved before bees and other flying pollinators. The flowers do not have true petals and sepals and do not produce nectar, but attract beetles with fragrant, sugary secretions.
Magnolia denudata, was known as ~Yu-lan~ meaning ~Jade Orchid~ to the ancient Chinese and has been cultivated since the 7th century. The Japanese have grown Magnolia stellata for centuries as potted plants called ~Shidekobushi~ Magnolias are among the 10 most popular flowering trees in the U.S. and are grown for their value as shade trees. Also used for timber and for making large canoes, house interiors and furniture. Flower buds have been used in infusions as a tonic. Animals feed on the seeds and flowers. Chinese use the flower as a remedy for clogged sinus and nasal passages. Magnolia is both the state flower and state tree of Mississippi. It is also the state flower of Louisiana. | | 188. Mallow (Malva sylvestris) | Family: Malvaceae
Common Names: ~Mallards~ ~Mauls~ ~Schloss Tea~ ~Althea zebrina~ ~Malva sylvestris zebrina~~French hollyhock~ ~Moe the Enforcer~
The name Malvaceae, is derived from the Greek, ~malake~meaning ~soft,~ from the special qualities of the Mallows in softening and healing. Malva sylvestris is a relative of the hollyhock, once grown by Thomas Jefferson at Monticello.
It is has therapeutic qualities. The glue-like sap from the leaves, called ~mucilage~ can be used for treating bites and stings. The mallow makes a fiber that can be woven. Mallows have been used as a vegetable by the Romans, a dish of marsh mallow was one of their delicacies. The Chinese use mallow in their food, and it was eaten by the Egyptians also. Many of the poorer inhabitants of Syria, especially the Fellahs, Greeks and Armenians, live for weeks on herbs, of which Marsh Mallow is the most common.
According to the Bible in the chapter of Job 4 we read of Mallow being eaten in times of famine. The fruits are greenish in colour, edible, and taste like peanuts. The flowers were used formerly on May Day by country people for strewing before their doors and weaving into garlands. Musk mallow, was also used to decorate the graves of friends. | | 189. - 190. Mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum) | Family: N.O. Berberidaceae
Common Names: ~Podophyllum~ ~May Apple~ ~Wild Lemon~ ~Raccoon-Berry~ ~Duck's Foot~ ~Hog Apple~
Native to southeastern Europe and the Mediterranean. Mandrake has a short stem, long leaves, and extraordinary roots that are very similar in shape to a human figure, which is the reason why Columella named it ~planta semiliominis~ which means ~semi-plant,~ ~semi-human.~ The likeness of its forked root to the human body is the reason Pythagoras to call it ~anthromorphon.~ The Latin name is derived from ~pous,~ ~podos~ (a foot) and ~phyllon~ (a leaf), resembling the foot of web-footed aquatic bird and hence the name - Duck's Foot.
The ancients used Mandrake root to relieve pain and promote sleep, but it was also known to cause madness. The leaves are cooling when used as a poultice. Mandrake, is related to many strange superstitions ans said to promote passion and also sterility. Once used as an aphrodisiac and also as an anaesthetic.
It was feared as a plant as it's root was said to embody a demon, and that if it was pulled from the ground a terrifying shriek would be heard. Anyone hearing the shriek would die. Hence the custom was developed for dogs to dig up the root by tying the hungry animal near to the plant and placing some meat near to the plant. The idea was that the dog would eventually make a grab for the meat uprooting the plant, and no-one had to witness this. The dog would die when the root was dug up which theoretically was due the shriek, but could it have been from poison. This root has a narcotic effect. Witches used the root of the mandrake to concoct potent wine. The plant is rare in Britain.
Mandrake was supposed to promote conception. According to the Bible, when Reuben brought them to his mother, Leah, Rachel said : "Give me, I pray thee, of thy son's mandrakes." Up to that time Rachel had borne no children. Throughout the east it was used as a narcotic; sometimes as a sleeping-draught. In Shakespeare's play, Cleopatra cries out: "Give me to drink of mandragora that I might sleep out this great gap of time, My Anthony is away."
Mandrake is one of herbs used by the American Indians. The person who owned a mandrake root was considered very fortunate. You had to sell it though before you died and at a price that was lower than the price you gave for it. A person who got it for free could never free himself from the hands of the devil. It was believed that mandrake possessed the magic power to heal many diseases, to induce a feeling of love, affection and happiness. That is why the roots of mandrake used to be as expensive as gold. A Roman physician reported complicated surgical operations having been performed in Alexandria under the anaesthetic effect of mandrake. Arabian physicians also used it for anaesthetic purposes. In 11th and 12th centuries, mandrake was recognized as an effective painkiller by the famous at that time Universities of Bolonia and Salerno.
Medicinal: Mandrake is a very strong gland stimulant. It is used to treat skin problems, digestion, and chronic liver diseases. It is most often combined with other herbs. It is very powerful and should be used with caution, as well as in very small small dosages. Pregnant women should not use this herb. It is potentially very toxic to anyone if improperly used. Do not use this herb without the proper guidance from a professional!
Religious: Mandrake is used in the home as a powerful protection. It is carried to promote conception, and men carry it to promote fertility and cure impotency. | | 191. - 192. Marigold (Tagetes erecta, Calendula spp.) | Family: Asteraceae
Common Names: ~Mary's Gold~ ~American Marigold~ ~African Marigold~ ~Aztec Marigold~ ~Herb of the Sun~
Marigold is associated with the lion, an animal legendary for its courage and brave heart. It is an herb of the Sun. Marigold was called ~Mary's Gold~ by early Christians who placed the flowers around statues of Mary, offering the blossoms in place of coins. It was told that Mary used the blossoms as coins. A legend says that during the Flight into Egypt the Holy Family was accosted by a band of thieves. They took Mary's purse and when they opened it, marigolds fell out. It represents the golden rays of glory that are often shown round the Mary's Head and is used in all the chief festivals of the Virgin Mary.
It's long association with the sun inspired Shakespeare in A Winter's Tale. Linnaeus noted that the flowers open from nine in the morning until three in the afternoon. The ~Herb of the Sun~ represents passion and creativity.
In the West country of England these flowers are known as ~The Drunkards~ due their reputation for turning people into alcoholics when the flowers are picked or even looked at for any length of time. The Welsh traditionally believed the flower could be used as a weather omen. If the flowers were not open early in the morning a storm was on the way. Used as a love charm, in wedding garlands and posies, it was also believed that rubbing the flower head on a wasp or bee sting would alleviate any pain. In India the flowers are offered to the Hindu gods, Vishnu and Lakshmi specially in the month of December.
Medicinal: Marigold is a great first aid remedy. It relieves headaches, earaches, and reduces fevers. It is excellent for the heart and for the circulation. It is also used externally to heal wounds and bruises.
Religious: Fresh marigolds in any room heightens the energy within. Placed under the pillow before bed, it induces clairvoyancy. Planted in rows with tomatoes, it will keep pests from them and other vegetables. Planted near the porch/deck, it will keep mosquitoes away. It is also used to attract and see the fairies. Scattered under the bed, they protect during sleep. Add to bath water to win the respect of everyone you meet.
Growing: Marigold is an annual plant that comes in many sizes and colors. It is adaptable to many soils. Give plenty of water and full sun. | |
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| 193. - 194. Marjoram (Origanum Majorana) | Family: N.O. Labiatae
Common Names: ~Pot Marjoram~ ~Sweet Marjoram~ ~Knotted Marjoram~ ~Winter Marjoram~ ~Greek Oregano~
The name Origanum is derived from two Greek words, ~oros~ meaning ~mountain~ and ganos meaning ~joy,~ together ~Joy of the Mountain.~ Winter Marjoram O. Heracleoticum is native to Greece. Pot Marjoram Origanum Onites, a native of Sicily.
This herb was a favorite of Aphrodite. The goddess Venus is said to have bestowed the plant its fragrance. It is said that annointing oneself with it would cause dreams of a future spouse. Marjoram has been found in the Egyptian mummy garlands dating from the First Century AD and was a common herb in Egyptian gardens. The Ancient Greeks believed that if marjoram grew on a tomb the dead person was happy.
Both the ancient Greeks and Romans would crown bridal couples with wreaths of marjoram to symbolize love, honor and happiness. Marjoram was used medicinally as a remedy to aid digestion. The Greeks used it both internally and externally for fomentations. It was a remedy for narcotic poisons, convulsions and dropsy. Romans believed that marjoram promoted longevity. It is used to allay anxieties and grief.
The ~swete margerome~ was prized before the introduction of perfumes and ~swete bags,~ ~swete powders~ and ~swete washing water~ made from this plant were widely used. Furniture was scoured with its aromatic juices, and it is one of the herbs mentioned by Tusser (1577) as used for strewing chambers.
It also is used to make green dye from the flowers, but the tint is not durable. The flower tops are put into table beer, to give it flavour and preserve it. Goats and sheep eat this herb, but horses are not fond of it, and cattle don't eat it.
Marjoram is a favourite kitchen herb, especially in Italy where it is used to flavour pizzas and spaghetti dishes. Marjoram can be cooked and also be used for sweet smelling water, pot-pourri and sweet bags. Used in herbal sleep pillows, it is also an effective home insect repellant. Dried flowers are used in flower arranging.
Medicinal: Marjoram is useful for treating asthma, coughs, and is used to strengthen the stomach and intestines, as well as used with other herbs for headaches.
Religious: Marjoram should be added to all love charms and sachets. A bit in each room will aid in protection of the home. If given to a grieving or depressed person, it will bring them happiness.
Growing: Marjoram is a perennial herb growing 1 - 3 feet tall. It likes all kinds of soils, and prefers full sun and rich soil. It is grown as an annual or wintered indoors in cold regions. | | 195. Marshmallow Althea officinalis | Medicinal: Marshmallow aids in the expectoration of difficult mucous and phlegm. It helps to relax and soothe the bronchial tubes, making it valuable for all lung ailments. It is an anti-irritant and anti-inflammatory for joints and the digestive system. It is often used externally with cayenne to treat blood poisoning, burns, and gangrene.
Growing: Marshmallow needs marshes and swamps to grow. It is a perennial growing to 4 feet tall. | | 196. Meadowsweet Filipendula ulmaria | Medicinal: Meadowsweet is used to treat headaches, fever, arthritis, rheumatism, menstrual cramps, and flu, as well as diarrhea in children. Use it in place of aspirin, or white willow. It is used to rebuild the digestive system during recovery from drug and alcohol abuse.
Magickal: Meadowsweet is used in love spells, and blossoms placed in the home will bring peace and tranquility to those who live there.
Growing: Meadowsweet is a perennial that prefers wet soils and marshes. It grows to 6 feet high, and prefers partial to full sun. | | 197. Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) | Family: Asteraceae
Common Names: ~Thistle~ ~Variegated Thistle~ ~Mary Thistle~ ~St. Mary Thistle~~St Mary's Milk Thistle~ ~Marian Thistle~ ~Lady's Thistle~ ~Holy Thistle~ ~Blessed Milk Thistle~ ~Cardo Mariano~ ~Kanger, Kenger~ ~Ku'Ub~ ~Maria-Azami~ ~Meryemanadikeni~
Legend has it that the white mottling of the leaves of milk thistle was caused by a drop of the Virgin Mary's milk. The plant was traditionally used to stimulate milk production. Its scientific name is Silybum marianumwas a name given to some edible thistles in the first century by a Greek physician, and marianum is a reference to the Virgin Mary legend.
The seeds are a favorite food of goldfinches. The flower heads were once boiled and eaten like artichokes. Milk thistle, is the most important plant, medicinally among the members of this genus. Originating in Kashmir, India milk thistle found its way to Europe during the Middle Ages. Milk thistle was cultivated in European gardens as a vegetable until the end of the 19th century. All parts of the plant were consumed. | | 198. Mint (Mentha spp.) | Family: Labiatae (Mint Family)
Common Names: ~Garden Mint~
The Arabic word for mint is ~Nahnah~ and the French word is ~Menthe.~ Mint has been used in Europe since prehistoric times. In the Middle Ages it was called ~Spere Mynte~ and was used to cure all ills and as a stewing herb, laid on the floors to keep the rooms sweet smelling. In France the liqueur Creme de menthe is widely drunk as a digestive.
There are about 25 species of mint. Spearmint also known as ~Garden Mint~ is the most common. Its leaves are used to flavor sauces and salads, in cooking vegetables and meat dishes. Its also used for making mint tea. Dried mint lasts up to two years.
According to legend, Persephone changed the nymph Minthe into sweet-smelling mint to save her from being raped by Hades. Another legend tells us that Pluto loved his wife Prosperine but was neglecting her as he was in love with the nymph Minte/Menthe. Jealous, filled with envy and revengeful fury, Prosperine changed Minte into the lowliest of plants, to be forever trampled underfoot. Unable to save her, Pluto gave Minte eternal sweetness.
Demeter drank cecyon (kekyon) at Eleusis. This sacred drink of the Eleusine Mysteries was made of wheaten gruel blended with mint. Female initiates carried vessels of it bound to their heads. The Greeks believed that mint increased love-making. Mint, rosemary and myrtle were used to prepare the dead in ancient Greece. It was strewn about the banquet halls of Greece and Rome. It was also viewed as a symbol of hospitality, and tables were rubbed down with it before the table was prepared for banquets. Pliny advised scholars to wear crowns of mint to aid their concentration. He said that it exhilirates the mind and stimulates the brain.
It is a popular kitchen herb, used fresh or dried. The Arabs made mint tea since ancient times. All parts of the plant yield an aromatic essential oil. Mint repels rodents. Sprinkle dried mint as an ant barrier
Reputed to be able to heal the pain caused by wasp and bee stings. In Ancient Greece the custom was to perfume all parts of the body with a different scent...mint was used for the arms.
In the language of flowers mint stands for Virtue and symbolizes Love, passion, humble virtue and enhances sexuality. | | 199. Mistletoe (Viscum album) | Family: N.O. Loranthaceae
Common Names: ~All heal~ ~Birdlime~ ~Devil's Fuge~ ~Donnerbesen~ ~Golden Bough~ ~Holy wood~ ~Ligname sactae crucis~ ~Mistle~ ~Thuderbesem~ ~Witches' Broom~ ~Wood of the Cross~ ~Herbe de la Croix~ ~Mystyldene~ ~Lignum Crucis~
Mistletoe is a partial parasite. The Greeks believed it had mystical powers and through the centuries it became associated with many folklore customs. Considered masculine, it is associated with the sun, the element of air, and the Gods Apollo, Freya, Frigga, Venus, and Odin. The French claim that it was once a tree, but when it was used to make Christs' cross, it was cursed thereafter, denied a place on earth, and so became a parasite to live. Mistle is imbued with the powers of protection, love, hunting, fertility, health, and exorcism.
The common name is derived from the ancient belief that mistletoe was propagated from bird droppings. This belief was related to the then-accepted fact that life could spring spontaneously from dung. Mistletoe would often appear on a branch or twig where birds had left droppings. ~Mistel~ is the Anglo-Saxon word for ~dung,~ and ~ tan~ is the word for ~twig.~ So, mistletoe means ~dung-on-a-twig.~
According to another meaning, the English name is said to be derived from the Anglo-Saxon ~Misteltan,~ ~tan~ signifying ~twig,~ and ~mistel~ from ~mist,~ which in old Dutch meant ~birdlime;~ thus, according to Professor Skeat, Mistletoe means ~birdlime twig,~ a reference to the fact that the berries have been used for making birdlime. Dr. Prior, however derives the word from tan, ~a twig,~ and ~mistl,~ meaning different, from its being unlike the tree it grows on. In the fourteenth century it was termed ~Mystyldene~ and also ~Lignum crucis.~ The Latin name of the genus, Viscum, signifying ~sticky,~ was assigned to it from the glutinous juice of its berries.
In Brittany, the plant is called Herbe de la Croix, because, according to an old legend, the Cross was made from its wood, on account of which it was degraded to be a parasite.
Mistletoe has been one of the most magical, mysterious, and sacred plants of European folklore. To the Romans, Celts and Germanic peoples of the 4th century B.C., Mistletoe was known as the ~Golden Bough.~ In the Celtic language mistletoe means ~all-heal.~ It not only cured diseases, but could also render poisons harmless, make humans and animals prolific, keep one safe from witchcraft, protect the house from ghosts and even make them speak. It was thought to bring good luck to anyone who had it.
The Celts hung sprigs of Mistletoe in their homes to welcome the new year and to ward off evil. They positioned pieces of the plant above a baby's cradle to protect the newborn from fairy theft. They also considered the plant to be a cure for several types of disease.
Held sacred by the Druids when growing on Valonia Oak. They believed it would make barren animals fertile if drunk. On the sixth night of the moon white-robed Druid priests would cut the oak mistletoe with a golden sickle. Two white bulls would be sacrificed amid prayers that the recipients of the mistletoe would prosper. Later, the ritual of cutting the mistletoe from the oak came to symbolize the emasculation of the old King by his successor.
Mistletoe was regarded as both a sexual symbol and the ~soul~ of the oak. It was gathered at both mid-summer and winter solstices, and the custom of using mistletoe to decorate houses at Christmas is a survival of the Druid and other pre-Christian traditions. Mistletoe is still ceremonially plucked on mid-summer eve in some Celtic and Scandinavian countries.
Norse myth about mistletoe Mistletoe was the sacred plant of Frigga, goddess of love and the mother of Balder, the god of the summer sun. Balder had a dream of death which alarmed his mother, for should he die, all life on earth would end. In an attempt to keep this from happening, Frigga went at once to air, fire, water, earth, and every animal and plant seeking a promise that no harm would come to her son. Balder now could not be hurt by anything on earth or under the earth. But Balder had one enemy, Loki, god of evil and he knew of one plant that Frigga had overlooked in her quest to keep her son safe. It grew neither on the earth nor under the earth, but on apple and oak trees. It was lowly mistletoe. So Loki made an arrow tip of the mistletoe, gave to the blind god of winter, Hoder, who shot it , striking Balder dead. The sky paled and all things in earth and heaven wept for the sun god. For three days each element tried to bring Balder back to life. He was finally restored by Frigga, the goddess and his mother.
It is said the tears she shed for her son turned into the pearly white berries on the mistletoe plant and in her joy Frigga kissed everyone who passed beneath the tree on which it grew. The story ends with a decree that whoever stood under the humble mistletoe, no harm should befall them, only a kiss, a token of love.
In the Middle Ages, branches of mistletoe were hung from ceilings to ward off evil spirits. In Europe they were placed over house and stable doors to prevent the entrance of witches. It was also believed that the oak mistletoe could extinguish fire. This was associated with an earlier belief that the mistletoe itself could come to the tree during a flash of lightning. In parts of England and Wales farmers would give the Christmas bunch of mistletoe to the first cow that calved in the New Year. This was thought to bring good luck to the entire herd.
Mistletoe was believed to have the power of bestowing fertility, and the dung from which the mistletoe was thought to arise was also said to have ~life-giving~ power.
Kissing under the mistletoe is first found associated with the Greek festival of Saturnalia and later with primitive marriage rites. In the eighteenth-century, English credited mistletoe with a certain magical appeal called a kissing ball. During Christmas a young lady standing under a ball of mistletoe, cannot refuse to be kissed. Such a kiss could mean romance or lasting friendship and goodwill. If the girl remained unkissed, she couldn't expect to marry the following year.
In Scandinavia, mistletoe was considered a plant of peace, under which enemies could declare a truce or warring spouses kiss and make-up. In some parts of England the Christmas mistletoe is burned on the twelfth night lest all the boys and girls who have kissed under it never marry. A man should pluck a berry when he kisses a woman under the mistletoe, and when the last berry is gone, there should be no more kissing.
In France, the custom linked to mistletoe was reserved for New Year's Day: ~Au gui l'An neuf~ (Mistletoe for the New Year). Today, kisses can be exchanged under the mistletoe any time during the holiday season.
Medical research has found substances in mistletoe that can slow down tumour growth. The sprigs of this plant are regarded as a symbol of hospitality. | | 200. Moneywort (Lysimachia nummularia) | Family: N.O. Primulaceae
Common Names: ~Herb Tuppence~ ~Herb Twopence~ ~Twopenny Grass~ ~String of Sovereigns~ ~Wandering Jenny~ ~Wandering Tailor~ ~Wandering Sally~ ~Creeping Charlie~ ~Creeping John~ ~Creeping Jenny~ ~Creeping Joan~ ~Money Plant~ ~Honesty~ ~Bolbonac~ ~Silver Dollar~ ~Penny Flower~ ~Moonwort~ ~Running Jenny~ ~Meadow Runagates~ ~Two Penigrasse~ ~Serpentaria~
The name, nummularia, is from the Latin ~nummulus~ meaning ~money.~ Said to have been discovered by King Lysimachus of Thrace, Moneywort was supposed to stop yoked oxen from quarreling when laid across their shoulders. Smoke from the burning plant was believed to drive snakes away.
Moneywort in olden days was reputed to have many virtues. It is said that this herb was not only used by man, but that if serpents hurt or wounded themselves, they turned to this plant for healing, and due to this it was sometimes called ~Serpentaria.~
The bruised fresh leaves were used as an application to wounds. A decoction of the fresh herb was taken as a drink in wine or water, and also applied outwardly as a wash or cold compress to both wounds and inveterate sores. An ointment was made also for application to wounds.
In the Language of Flowers it means Release from strife and symbolizes Peacemaking | | 201. Monkshood (Aconitum noveboracense) | Family: Ranunculaceae
Common Names: ~Aconite~ ~Officinal Aconite~ ~Wolf's Bane~ ~English Monkshood~ ~Common Monkshood~ ~Turk's Cap~ ~Friar's Cap~ ~Soldier's Cap~ ~Bear's Foot~ ~Helmet Flower~ ~Hecates
Monk's Hood is a member of the Buttercup family and related to the Delphinium. The name comes from the Greek, ~akon~ meaning ~a dart,~ as arrowheads were dipped in the poison. It got it's name Wolf's Bane from the time when wolves were common in Europe and meat poisoned with it's juices was used as a bait for them. The English name, derives from the shape of the flowers which resemble a monk's hood or helmet. The genus name Aconitum comes from the Greek term ~en akonias,~ which means ~growing on bare rocks.~
Monkshood was used to poison enemy water supplies during times of war in ancient Europe and Asia. Hunters used its sap to poison spears, arrowheads & trap baits.
Hecate, Goddess of Witches, was one of the first to use wolf's bane. Arachne hanged herself in mortification for having dared to challenge Athene to a weaving contest, then losing. The goddess sprinkled her with aconite juice to turn her into a spider.
Medea used wolfbane to prepare a poison cup for Theseus.
Druids held wolfbane sacred.
Wolfbane was associated with the witch cult in medieval times. Aconite, legend says, sprung up where the saliva of Cereberus, the three-headed dog, fell when Hercules dragged him from the Underworld as his twelfth Labor. It is known as the ~Witch flower~ has been used as an external painkiller in folk medicine.
Known as Fu-Tzu, in traditional Chinese medicine it is considered an effective stimulant for the spleen and kidneys.
Supposedly the ~quintessential plant of the occult,~ it was used to make a flying ointment, and an ointment of the imagination, that allowed witches to contact the other side. The roots are very poisonous but have been used medicinally. It contains the deadly poison aconitine, which slows heart rate, decreases blood pressure, and numbs pain.
It is a long lasting flower when cut. In the language of Flowers it means Misanthropy, Chivalry and Knight-errantry. It is used for protection, invisibility and fighting werewolves and also used in flying ointments by witches in Thessaly. It gives the sensation of being off the ground. | | 202. Mugwort Artemisia vulgaris | Medicinal: Mugwort is used in all conditions dealing with nervousness, shaking, and insomnia. It is used to help induce menses, especially combined with cramp bark. Often used to stimulate the liver and as a digestive aid. It should not be used by pregant women. Fresh juice form the plant is used to treat poison ivy.
Religious: Add to divination incenses. It is carried to prevent poisoning and stroke. Fresh leaves rubbed on magickal tools will increase their powers. An infusion made of mugwort is used to cleanse crystals and scrying mirrors. Placed beneath your pillow, or in a dream pillow, it will promote astral travel and good dreams.
Growing: Mugwort likes dry areas in full sun. It is a perennial shrubby plant that grows 1 - 6 feet tall, depending upon growing conditions. | | 203. Mullein Verbascum spp. | Medicinal: Mullein is a terrific narcotic herb that is not addictive or poisonous. It is used as a pain killer and to bring on sleep. It loosens mucous, making it useful for treating lung ailments. It strengthens the lymphatic system.
Religious: Mullein is worn to give the carrier courage. The leaves are also carried to prevent animal attacks and accidents when in the wilderness. In a sleeping pillow it will guard against nightmares. Use as a substitution in old spells for "grave dust".
Growing: Mullein is adaptable to many soils. It prefers full sun. It is a biennial plant growing to 8 feet tall. It is a prolific self-sower. | | 204. Myrrh Commiphora myrrha | Medicinal: Myrrh is a powerful antiseptic, being a remedy second only to echinacea. It is a strong cleaning and healing agent, soothing the body and speeding the healing process. It is often used with goldenseal. It is most often used in mouthwashes, gargles, and toothpastes for fighting and preventing gum disease.
Religious: Myrrh is burned to purify and protect. It is used to consecrate and purify ritual tools and objects needing to be blessed. It is a standard magickal herb to be included in the tools of everyone. | | 205. Myrtle Myrtus communis | Medicinal: Myrtle is used to treat bronchitis, bruises, bad breath, wounds, colds, sinusitis, and coughs.
Religious: Myrtle is burned as an incense to bring beauty, to honor Diana and to Venus, and is a symbol of glory and happy love. Myrtle tea will make you look beautiful to your loved one. A distillation of the leaves and flowers combined will make a wonderful beauty wash for the face, and is known as "angel water". It is used in spells to keep love alive and exciting. Grow on each side of the house to preserve and protect the love within.
Growing: Myrtle is an evergreen plant that prefers warm climates. It has small pointed leaves, and grows to about 12 feet high. Its blossoms are small, white, and in clusters. The leaves are gathered and dried for use in August. | | 206. Narcissus spp. | Family: Amaryllidaceae
Common Names: ~Daffodi~ ~Jonquil~
Daffodil, Narcissus and Jonquil were once separate flowers. Interbreeding and hybridizing produced more than 5,000 varieties, placed in 11 main categories. ~Daffodil sap contains sharp crystals that prevent animals from eating the flower.~The name, ~narcissus~comes from a Greek word meaning ~to numb.~ It was given this name because if one is enclosed in a small space with the flower, the scent will induce a headache.The first flower of spring is narcissus, and their presence declares that winter is on its way out and that spring has returned. | | 207. Nasturtiums (Tropaeolum majus) | Family: Tropaeolaceae (Nasturtium Family)
Common Names: ~Nasties~ ~Indian Cress~
Nasturtiums are native to South America. They were brought to Spain in the 1500's. Introduced into Europe by the Spanish, they became popular and grew in the royal gardens of France and later in America at Thomas Jefferson's Virginia home, Monetcello. The genus name comes from the Latin ~Nasus tortus~meaning ~convulsed nose~ referring to the ~faces people made when tasting the spicy plant.~ The original plants grown by the Quechua Indians had yellow flowers, but breeding has yielded different varieties.
Nasturtiums are long-lasting and popular in the kitchen. Used in salads, vinegars etc., the flowers and the leaves have a sweet, peppery taste. It is for its tangy taste that nasturtium gets its common name. During World War II, dried ground nasturtium seeds were used as a substitute for black peeper, which was unattainable. Sun and heat tend to make the ~pepper~ taste in the nasturtiums, more spicey. Flowers planted in the shade or semi-shade have a milder tang.
The Indians of Peru used the leaves as a tea to treat coughs, colds and the flu, as well as menstrual and respiratory problems. Being high in vitamin C, nasturtiums act as a natural antibiotic, and as such were used topically as a poultice for minor cuts and scratches. Nasturtiums are also used in Ayurvedic medicine. The leaves are rubbed on the gums to stimulate and cleanse them. Early English herbalists referred to nasturtiums as ~Indian Cress.~In the language of flowers Nasturtiums signify Patriotism. | | 208. Neem Azadirachta indica | Medicinal: This plant, known as "the village pharmacy" in India, has been used for at least 4000 years for its medicinal qualities.All parts of the plant are used. Neem has been used to treat a wide range of ailments, including wounds, burns, sprains, bruises, earache, headache, fever, sore throat, food poisoning, shingles, colds, flu, hepatitis, mononucleosis, fungal infections, yeast infections, sexually transmitted diseases, acne, skin diseases, heart diseases, blood disorders, kidney problems, digestive problems, ulcers, periodontal diseases, nerve disorders, malaria, fatigue, and a host of others. It is being closely studied for use in battling AIDS, cancer, diabetes, allergies, and as birth control for both men and women. Neem should not be used for more than two weeks at a time. For chronic ailments, it should be used on a schedule of two weeks on, one week off, or as directed under the guidance of a health practitioner. It is anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-septic, and strengthens the body's overall immune reponses. It should not be used by internally by pregnant women.
Religious: Neem leaves were traditionally strewn on the floor of temples at weddings, to purify and bless the area and the couple, and the air was fanned with neem branches during the ceremony. The bark was burned to make a red ash for religious decoration of the body in adulthood. Neem branches were used to cover the body at death, and the wood used to burn the funeral pyre. Neem is considered to be the Goddess Neemari Devi.
Growing: Neem is a tropical evergreen, native to India and Burma, and growing in southeast Asia and western Africa. It can grow to reach 50 feet tall in a desirable climate, and tolerates drought and poor soils. It can live up to 200 years. Neem bears fruit at 3 to 5 years of age. It cannot take freezing temperatures, so those in northern climates can grow it as a houseplant. Summer it outdoors, and place near a bright or sunny window in the winter. It needs organic fertilizers, well drained soil, and as large a pot as possible. Ten gallon sized pots are recommended as the minimum. Be careful not to overwater. | | 209. Nerine (Nerine bowdenii) | Family: Amaryllidaceae
Common Names: ~Guernsey Lily~ ~Spider Lily~ ~Cape Flower~ ~Japanese Spider Lily~ ~Jersey Lily~
Nerine is a genus of the Amaryllis family from South Africa with about 30 species. Nerineis from the Latin word meaning ~sea nymph,~ after the Nereids in Greek mythology. The Nereids were sea nymphs, daughters of the sea god Nereus, known as ~The Old Man of the Sea.~
This plant was first discovered on the Channel Island of Guernsey, where bulbs from the wreck of a Dutch ship were thought to have washed ashore in 1659. This is how it got its popular name, ~Guernsey Lily.~~Nerine bowdenii,~is the best known variety and is sometimes called the ~Jersey Lily ~ after actress Lily Langtry.
Vase life 10 to 14 days. | | 210. Nettle Urtica spp. | Medicinal: The plant is used for treating high blood pressure, gout, PMS, rheumatism, and ending diarrhea, scurvy, liver and prostate problems. Externally it is used as a compress to treat neuralgia and arthritis. It is a very high source of digestible iron. It also treats anemia, fatigue, edema, menstrual difficulties, eczema, enlarged prostate (especially when combined with Saw Palmetto), urinary tract problems, hay fever and allergies. It is very supportive during pregnancy. Use the infusion as a hair rinse to treat dandruff and to stimulate hair growth.
Religious: Sprinkle nettle around the room to protect it. It is also burned during ceremonies for exorcism. Stuffed in a poppet and sent back to the sender of a curse or bad spell, it will end the negativity. Nettles gathered before sunrise and fed to cattle is said to drive evil spirits from them.
Growing: As nettle is considered a bothersome weed, it is best to purchase this herb from a store. The spines on a nettle plant can cause painful stinging, so it is not a good idea to include it in your herbal garden. | | 211. Nutmeg Myristica fragrans | Medicinal: A small amount of nutmeg, about the size of a pea, can be taken once daily over a long period (6 months to a year) to relieve chronic nervous problems, as well as heart problems stemming from poor circulation. Added to milk, and baked fruits and desserts, it aids in digestion, and relieves nausea. Large doses can be poisonous, and may cause miscarriage for pregnant women.
Religious: Carried, nutmeg will help with clairvoyancy, and ward off rheumatism. It is included in prosperity mixtures. Nutmegs are carried as good luck charms. | | 212. Oak Quercus spp. | Medicinal: Oak bark is used to treat diarrhea, dysentery, and bleeding. For external use the bark and/or leaves are boiled and then applied to bruises, swollen tissues, wounds that are bleeding, and varicose veins.
Religious: The oak is the most sacred of all the trees. The most powerful mistletoe grows in oaks. The leaves are burned for purification, and the branches make powerful wands. The acorn is a fertility nut. It is carried to promote conception, ease sexual problems, and increase sexual attractiveness. The leaves and bark are used in binding spells. Planting an acorn in the dark of the Moon will bring you money. Oak wood carreid will protect from harm, and hung in the home it will protect the home and all within. | | 213. Oats Avena sativa, A. fatua | Medicinal: Oats are a traditional food for those recovering from an illness. It also supplies necessary fiber in the diet. Oats made into packs and pastes clear up many skin disorders, such as acne.
Religious: Oats are used in prosperity and money spells, and in rituals to the harvest.
Growing: Oats are an annual grass that grows up to 4 feet tall. Easiest to purchase from a health food store, as much is needed to be beneficial, and takes up more room than the average gardener has available. It does make a pretty ornamental grass in the garden and around foundations. | | 214. Ohelo (Vaccinium reticulatum) | Family: Ericaceae
This species is found on lava flows and cinder beds or alpine or subalpine shrublands. It ia a low-lying shrub which bears bright red berries. Hawaians considered them sacred to the Godess Pele and before eating the berries they would make offerings by throwing some to the godess, in the volcano pit.
Ohelo belongs to the cranberry family and is related to blueberries.The red or yellow berries, are edible raw or cooked. Baked into pies, `ôhelo is still enjoyed as jelly. It is a common shrub at The Volcanoes National Park and Haleakalâ. | |
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| 215. Olive | Olive - Symbol of Peace and Healing
Olive, that tasty little item that we enjoy popping in our mouths at parties has many other uses, and in this article, we will explore some of them.
Historical record of the medicinal uses of this attractive tree has been confirmed back as far as the ancient Egyptians, and further. The Egyptians considered the branches a symbol of everlasting power, and it has been discovered that olive oils were used in many mummifications of their leaders. The ancient Greeks used woven crowns of young olive branches to celebrate the winners of the first Olympic events. It has been cultivated by mankind for at least 6000 years.
MEDICINAL Uses of Olive
Olive, known also by its Latin name of Olea europaea, has a myriad of medicinal uses, both the leaves and the oil. We will start with the leaf. It has been used since the times of the ancient Greeks to cleanse wounds. They are shown to be mildly diuretic, which can aid in treating gout, and research has shown that they have the ability to assist in lowering blood sugar levels, as well as effective in helping to lower high blood pressure. The leaves have been shown to have significant antimicrobial action, and are effective against many strong strains of fungi (which includes yeasts such as Candida), viruses and bacteria. Olive leaf extract has been shown effective in inhibiting the HIV virus, herpes viruses, and all flu viruses. It is applicable in any chronic infection situation. However, it is an herb that should be used under professional guidance if you have any of the immunodeficiency diseases, such as HIV+, AIDS, Lupus, etc. Olive leaf extract is generally considered to be a bit too strong to use internally during pregnancy or while nursing.
Olive leaf has been used for centuries to treat wounds, hemorrhoids, to cleanse the liver, to reduce fever, and as a general antiseptic. Some modern uses for olive leaf extract include treating chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, coughs, psoriasis, malaria, prostate difficulties, and parasites. It also treats things such as athlete's foot, botulism, encephalitis, lice, hepatitis, pneumonia, bladder infections, warts, and a long list of other afflictions, all related to the cause of bacteria, viruses, etc. Of course, in private clinical practice, it is being used to treat a wide variety of problems, either on its own or in association with other herbs, and these are reported in many reports and books by professionals who are making use of it. Olive leaf is used in Bach flower remedies to treat those who are exhausted, either physically or emotionally.
It has been noted that for many people, olive leaf extract is so strong in its attack on internal invaders that it can cause several flu-like symptoms for a few days after the first doses. This is usually attributed to the die-off of the invaders, and after that initial period is over, the patient usually reports a rapid upswing in energy levels and over-all well-being.
Oleuropein, one of the active constituents, has been shown in laboratory studies to be a very effective antioxidant that assists in recovering from arteriosclerosis, as well as enabling damaged tissue to better utilize vitamin E. Olive contains at least three other antioxidants: hydroxytyrosol, vanillic acid, and verbascoside. Lab work is also being done to test the effectiveness of both the extract and the oil in treating rheumatoid arthritis.
Much of the laboratory research and case study is being done with olive leaf extracts in Europe with very promising results, and hopefully one day soon our own researchers in the United States will be able to show our government agencies just how effective this plant is for healing or aiding in healing a wide variety of illnesses that plague mankind as new resistant viruses and bacteria are discovered.
The bark of the olive tree was used in ancient times to make an infusion to treat wounds.
Olive oil, cold pressed from the fruit, is used to improve the balances of fats in the blood, is protective to the digestive tract, soothes dry skin externally, and is a good carrier oil for any essential oil. It keeps the heart and arteries healthy and flexible, and regular use is shown to prevent a buildup of cholesterol in the arteries. As a monounsaturated fat, it helps lower the bad (LDL) cholesterol numbers. It has been used since Biblical times to keep skin soft and supple. Olive oil rubbed daily in to patches of eczema, dandruff, and psoriasis can reduce itching and speed healing.
The oil is an excellent alternative to butter or margarines. A tasty way to use it is to infuse your favorite herbs and spices in it for a few days, and use that on your bread, salads, in sauces, etc. It should be used in place of any other oil in cooking for those with heart difficulties or cholesterol problems. Olive oil can be stored in a cool, dark cabinet for up to 6 months after opening, or up to a year if kept refrigerated after opening.
Spiritual Uses of Olive
Olive is the universal symbol of peace, and is associated in spiritual workings with bringing happiness, purity, and harmony. Olive was considered sacred to Athena, as she caused olive to spring from the ground at the foundation of her city, Athens, in Greece. Olive oil has been used for centuries to light lanterns in temples and churches of many different religions, and is used for anointing as well. It is also what the dove brought back to Noah to indicate that the flood waters recorded in the Bible were receding. Moses referred to it as "the Tree of Life". Italians have been known to hang an olive branch over the doors of their homes to ward off evil.
Other Uses of Olive
Of course, most all of us are familiar with the fruit of the Olive tree. The green olives are the immature fruit, and the black olives are the fully ripe fruit. Both are delicious and have their own flavor. The richly grained and beautiful wood of the Olive is carved into many things, and is often used in fine cabinets and religious items.
Growing Olives
The Olive tree is native to the regions of the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and southern Russia. It is now being cultivated in some South American countries, as well as in Australia and California. It needs a temperate climate to thrive. It grows to heights of 30 feet and is evergreen. The leaves are harvested all through the year, and the fruit ripens in late summer. They are relatively slow-growing, and there are some specimens in the world that are dated at near 1000 years old, because the tree itself contains compounds that make it extremely resistant to disease. | | 216. Onion Allium sepa | Medicinal: Onion is used externally as an antiseptic. Internally, it can alleviate gas pains, reduce hypertension, and reduce cholesterol.
Religious: Has been used as a charm against evil spirits. Halved or quartered onions placed in the home absorb negativity. An onion under your pillow will give you prophetic dreams. Magickal swords and knives are purified by rubbing them with an onion half.
Growing: Onion is a perennial herb that grows from a bulb. It prefers rich garden soils and plenty of water. The greens above ground can be used alone, and the bulb harvested by pulling from the ground, and allowing the tops to dry before storing in a dry location, with temperatures between 35 and 50 degrees F. | | 217. - 218. Orange Blossom/Neroli (Citrus aurantium L.) | Family: Rutaceae
Common Names: ~Orange Blossom~ ~Citrus vulgaris~ ~Citrus bigaradia~ ~Orange flower~ ~Neroli bigarade~
Orange, common name for citrus fruit of several trees. Orange trees are evergreens, with flowers that are white and fragrant. Three essential oils are obtained from oranges: ~oil of orange,~ obtained from the rind of the fruit and used principally as a flavoring agent; ~oil of petigrain,~ obtained from the leaves and twigs and used in perfumery; and ~oil of neroli,~ obtained from the blossoms and used in flavorings and perfumes.
Neroli was discovered in the late 17th century. It is said to be named after a princess of Neroli or Nerola, Italy whose name was Anne-Marie. It was named after the city Neroli, she was princess there. She used it as her personal perfume. Its fragrance relaxes and relieves anxiety, thus traditionally, orange blossoms were used in weddings bouquets and to calm nerves before the bridal couple retired to bed.
It has aphrodisiac properties and in skin care, it stimulates the growth of new cells and helps clear oily skin. Oil of neroli is obtained from the flowers of the ~Bitter orange~ or ~Seville orange~ Known as a ~floral' oil~ it is a pale yellow colour that darkens as it gets older. It has a light and sweet floral scent to it. Tea made from the dried flowers is used as a stimulant and as a blood cleaner in Europe. Orange flower water is a popular cosmetic article. ~Zhishi~ a Chinese traditional name for Citrus aurantium, has been a folk medicine for indigestion. Orange brings peace and happiness to the mind and the body.
During the romantic Victorian era, brides used to carry fresh bouquets of white orange blossoms on their wedding day. These bouquets were so much in demand that they were transported nationwide from Florida for this purpose. Fresh garlands were made into little circlets, and attached to bridal veils. A simple perfumed orange blossom garland was often used to adorn a bride's hair if she chose not to wear a veil, making a tiara.
The orange blossom was designated as Florida's official state flower on May 5, 1909.
Religious: The dried peel is added to love charms. The fresh or dried orange flowers added to the bath makes you attractive. The fruit itself hinders or banishes lust. Orange juice is used in rituals in place of wine.
Growing: Oranges prefer a rich, sandy soil, and warm year-round temperatures. For most of us, that means growing them indoors as house plants. | | 219. Orchid | Religious: The dried peel is added to love charms. The fresh or dried orange flowers added to the bath makes you attractive. The fruit itself hinders or banishes lust. Orange juice is used in rituals in place of wine.
Growing: Oranges prefer a rich, sandy soil, and warm year-round temperatures. For most of us, that means growing them indoors as house plants.Family : Orchidaceae
Common Names: ~Ladies' Fingers~ ~Ladies' Tresses~ ~Long Purples~
Commonly found in Asia, South and Central America, orchids belong to the largest plant families with more than 25,000 species. The name orchid originates from the Greek ~orchis~ meaning ~testicle~ because of the shape of the bulbous roots. Orchids were collected extensively during the 19th Century and are divided into three categories, namely climbing, epiphytic and terrestrial. They are parasites in nature as they grow on wild trees and love dead trees. To germinate, an orchid's seed needs to be penetrated by fungus threads.
It's history is one of lust, greed, and wealth. Greek women thought they could control the sex of their unborn children with orchid roots. If the father ate large, new tubers, the child would be male; if the mother ate small tubers, the child would be female.
The world's largest orchid grows upto 20m long. One of the popular orchids, ~Vanda Miss Joaquim~ was first discovered in the garden of Miss Agnes Joaquim in 1893 and registered in the same year. Among the several varieties of Vanda Miss Joaquim, the variety ~Agnes~ was chosen to be the National Flower of Singapore in 1981.
The most famous orchid, the ~Vanilla orchid~ was said to give strength to the Aztecs, who drank vanilla mixed with chocolate.
The ~Paphiopedilum orchid~ was named for Phaphos, a temple on Cyprus where the love goddess Aphrodite was worshipped.
The orchid is a flower of magnificence that brings a universal message of love, beauty, wisdom, and thoughtfulness. In China it signifies refinement, and the innocence of children. A pink orchid conveys pure affection; the popular cattalya orchid denotes mature charm, and is used in corsages for Mother's Day. Orchids have a vase life of 7 to 14 days. | | 220. - 221. Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) | Family: Lamiaceae (mint family)
Common Name: Marjoram
Mediterranean Oregano is the dried leaf of Origanum vulgare L., a perennial herb of the mint family. It was originally grown in Greece and Italy. Oregano was unknown in the United States until after World War II, when soldiers stationed in the Mediterranean, returned home with oregano. Oregano is the spice that gives pizza its flavor. The name Oreganum is the contraction of two Greek words, ~oros~ meaning mountain and ~ganos~ meaning joy. Together the words mean ~joy of the mountain.~
Since Greek and Roman times it has been used to flavour meats, fish, vegetables, and as a flavoring for wine. Greeks and Romans would crown bridal couples with wreaths of marjoram to symbolize love and honor. Oregano was used by the Greeks for medicinal purposes. They made poultices from the leaves and used them to treat sores and aching muscles. Traditional Chinese doctors have used oregano for centuries for a number of ailments. In Europe, it is still used to improve digestion and soothe coughs. Ancients Greeks used to let their cattle graze on fields of oregano, in the belief that it produced tastier meat.
Oregano was considered to be the ~Herb of Magic~ because it was believed that the parent plant was created instantaneously by the gods of Mount Olympus. Oregano, was credited with having mystical secrets for Black Magic. The early Greeks referred to it as Amarkos (named after Amaracus of Greek Mythology). It was said to encourage good luck and good health and used for protection against poisons.
Medicinal: Oregano is used to promote perspiration as a treatment for colds, flu, and fevers. A tea of oregano is often used to bring on menses and relieve associated menstrual discomfort. It is also used in baths and inhalations, as well drinking the infusion, to clear lungs and bronchial passages. Internally and externally it can help alleviate dry itching skin. The essential oil is used to treat viral infections, respiratory ailments, and muscle aches. Pregnant women should not ingest large amounts of oregano.
Religious: Oregano is used to help forget and let go of a former loved one, such as a former spouse, boyfriend, girlfriend, etc. Burn in incenses or drink the infusion to aid in spells for letting go.
Growing: Oregano is a perennial that prefers well-drained, slightly alkaline soil and full sun. It is propogated by seed, root division, or cuttings. Harvest just as the plant is about to bloom for medicinal use. | | 222. Paavel | The berries of this tree are dried and crushed into a powder. The powder is diluted in water and drunk. The normal healing rate is tripled. This tree is rare, however. The cost may increase up to 500% in some cases. Normal cost is about 6 gold pieces for one ounce/dose. | | 223. Pansy (Viola cornuta) | Family: Violaceae
Common Names: ~Hearts-ease~ ~Tickle-my fancy~
Pansy is a type of violet. Taken from the French word ~panse,~ it meant ~romantic thought~ to the Victorians. Pansy was one of the ingredients in a Celtic love potion. Pansy was supposed to have magical love powers. The petals being heart-shaped, were thought to cure a broken heart.
According to a German legend the pansy once had a wonderful, strong scent. People came from miles to smell the flower. By doing this the people would destroy the grass around the pansies. The pansy prayed to God for help because the feed for the cattle was being trampled. God took the scent of the pansy away, but gave it great beauty instead.
Pansy is associated with St. Valentine's Day and has long been exchanged by lovers. According to legend, pansies should not be picked while the dew is upon them, for that would cause the death of a loved one, with as many tears shed before the next full moon. Attesting to this was William Shakespeare when speaking of the pansy in ~A Midsummer Night's Dream,~ with pansy juice on her eyes, sleeping Titania fell in love with the first creature she saw when she awoke. | | 224. Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) | Family: Umbelliferae/Apiaceae (carrot family)
Common Names: ~Italian Parsley~ ~Hamburg Parsley~ ~Turnip-rooted Parsley~
Parsley has been cultivated since the 3rd century BC. It spread to the Americas in the 17th century and is one of the most widely used culinary herbs in the United States. It's Latin name Petroselinum comes from Greek ~pétros~ meaning ~rock~ or ~stone.~
Parsley is one of the essential plants in a witch's garden. According to medieval legend, parsley seeds went to the devil nine times and back before they germinated. That belief stems from the earlier Greek belief that parsley seeds visited the underworld nine times before sprouting.
Parsley was dedicated to Persephone, the wife of Hades and Queen of the Underworld. Tombs were decorated with parsley wreaths, and these wreaths were also awarded to the winners of the Nemean games, which were the descendants of funeral games commemorating the death of important personages. Chrysippus thought that eating parsley was a sin, since parsley honored the dead at funeral feasts. The Greeks used the phrase ~to be in need of parsley~ to denote someone who was close to death.
In England it was believed that: Parsley grows for the wicked, but not for the just. A parsley field will bring a man to his saddle and a woman to her grave. When parsley's grown in the garden, there'll be a death before the year's out. To dream of cutting parsley is a bad omen as the dreamer will be ~crossed in love.~ In Devonshire it's believed that transplanting parsley brings bad luck and the owner or his family will be punished within the year.
Medieval Europeans believed that one could kill an enemy by plucking a sprig while speaking the person's name.
The Romans and the ancient Greeks used Parsley as a garnish and flavoring. They put it around their necks during banquets for it was thought to absorb the fumes of the wine. It was placed on plates to protect the food from contamination and used in baths for purification and keeping misfortune away. The Romans believed parsley could prevent intoxication and were the first people to consume it in large quantities.
It takes twelve pounds of fresh Parsley to make one pound of dried. Dried Parsley is used as a garnish in soups, meats, vegetables, and sauces. Parsley is a great cleansing herb. Pregnant woman should not use parsley for it may bring on an early labor, and it is not suitable if one has kidney problems. Parsley tea is refreshing and chewing the sprigs relieve indigestion and urinary problems. The roots are more powerful than the leaves. For insect bites, squeeze parsley juice onto the sting for a quick relief. Infuse parsley into a lotion to help clear freckles. | | 225. Pasque (Anemone pulsatilla) | Family: Ranunculaceae
Common Names:~ Pasque Flower~ ~Wind Flower~ ~Meadow Anemone~ ~Passe Flower~ ~Easter Flower~ ~Shamefaced Maiden~
Pasque Flower grows wild in dry soils of Central and Northern Europe. Anemone pulsatilla, comes from the Greek word ~atienios~ meaning ~itching~ and from the Latin ~pulsate~ meaning to ~beat or to strike~ because the flowers ~pulsates with the wind~ so the name ~pulsatilla.~
It was used to colour the Paschal eggs in some countries. The juice of the purple sepals gives a green stain to paper and linen, but it is not permanent. Eggs were boiled with pulsatilla flowers to dye them green for spring festivals. The custom was later adopted by Christians for coloring Easter eggs and since the flowers appear traditionally during Easter time, it got it's English name ~Pasch~ or ~Pasque Flower.~ Another popular English name for the plant is ~Shamefaced Maiden.~
It was first used by Arabian physicians as a external application for ulcers, for the inflammation of eyes, toothache and headache. It was introduced into homoeopathy in 1805. The plant has a strong acrid taste, but is eaten by both sheep and goats, though cows and horses do not touch it. | | 226. - 227. Passion Flower (Passiflora incarnata) | Family: Passifloraceae
Common Name: ~Wild Passion Flower~ ~Wild Water Lemon~ ~Love-in-a-mist~ ~May-pop~ ~ Grandilla~ ~Maracoc~ ~Passion Vine~ ~Apricot Vine~
The colloquial name for this plant is ~May-pop~ which refers to the tendency for its edible fruit to pop when stepped upon. It is a woody vine which bears small berry-like fruit called ~Granadilla~ or ~Water Lemon.~ Passion Flower is unique among the old religious flower symbols because it focused on Christianity and also provided a visual means of teaching the Gospel in an era where there were no printed materials. Passionflower blossoms have been used as a meditative aid. The flower can be hypnotic.
Historically it has been associated with Jesuit priests, in South America during the early 17th century. The symbolism of the Passion Flower, a native genus of the tropical Americas, was discerned by a Mexican Augustinian Friar Emmanuel de Villegas, who reported it in Europe in the year 1610.
It includes the following: The spiraled tendrils - the Lash of Christ's Scourging The central flower column - the pillar of the Scourging The 72 radial filaments - the Crown of Thorns The top 3 stigma - the 3 Nails The lower 5 anthers - the 5 wounds The leaves - the head of the Centaurian's Spear The red stains - Christ's Blood Drops The Round Fruit - The World Christ came to save.
Early Americans applied the crushed leaves as a poultice to treat bruises. They also brewed the woody vines and drank the tea to soothe their nerves. It was used as a tranquilizer to treat insomnia, fatigue, tension, and muscle spasms. It seems to have a narcotic like effect when taken internally. The Passionflower has no known toxicity but it should be used conservitively.
Medicinal: Passionflower is used to treat hyperactivity, insomnia, Parkinson's disease, nervous tension,and the infusion is used to treat eye infections and eye strain. Native American tribes used it as a poultice for bruises and injuries, as well as for an overall tonic.
Religious: Passionflower will calm a troubled household when placed inside the home. Spanish missionaries believed the flowers were a symbol of Christ's crucifixion, and the crown of thorns of Christ's passion, giving this plant its name.
Growing: Passionflower grows best below zone 7 outdoors, so grow indoors in the north. It prefers partial shade and a fertile soil with good drainage. It grows to 25-30 feet as an outdoor vine. Prune old growth in the winter or very early spring to encourage flowering. | | 228. Patchouli Pogostemon cablin, P. patchouli | Medicinal: Patchouli is used to treat dysentery, diarrhea, colds without fevers, vomiting, and nausea.
Religious: Patchouli is a powerful oil worn to attract the opposite sex. It is a sensual oil, and it can ward off negativity and evil. It is also burned in incenses to aid divination and clairvoyance. Patchouli (Pogostemon patchouli) is an ancient plant, known throughout the Old World for centuries. It is best known as that ever popular incense scent of the 1960's in the Age of Love in America, when the populace learned to either love it's scent, or hate it completely. The oil derived from the plant leaves is often used as a scent fixative in perfumes and fragrances, as well as to mask strong odors from chemical combinations. The odor improves with age, so the older oil is generally preferred by manufacturers of perfumes.
Medicinal Uses of Patchouli
Patchouli leaves have been used to make an infusion to treat dysentery, diarrhea, colds without fevers, vomiting, and nausea. Fresh leaves bruised and applied to burns aids in healing. The essential oil is used externally to treat skin problems including dry and chapped skin, fungal problems, and acne, and as an aphrodisiac. In aromatherapy it is used to calm the nerves as well as to control appetite, to treat depression, stress, and lack of sexual interest. It also has been used in deodorants, to mask perspiration; of course for this application you will want to be sure you enjoy the scent. The oil as well as the leaf infusion has been used externally to treat dandruff, dermatitis, eczema, and acne. In parts of Arabia, China, and Japan, it was believed that applying patchouli oil before and after sexual intercourse prevented venereal disease. This has not been proven nor studied, although the actions of the oil would indicate that it could be useful in killing bacteria and viruses, so I would not recommend this as a protective measure in today's society. Patchouli's actions are typically classified as being carminative, diaphoretic, alterative, astringent, anti-emetic, anti-fungal, and anti-inflammatory, and it has been shown to have cell-regenerating abilities. The dried leaves are valuable in repelling insects such as moths from stored textiles as well as food pantries and bedding. Tuck the dried leaves between stored sheets, tablecloths, etc., under mattresses, and set among pantry shelves. A quick and easy mixture for applying to the face to treat skin irritations and dry skin contains 3 drops of patchouli essential oil, 3 drops of rose oil, 3 drops of evening primrose oil, and 3 drops of lavender essential oil, mixed together in a tablespoon of almond or olive oil. Blend well and apply to the face before bed, wash away in the morning.
Spiritual Uses of Patchouli
Patchouli is a powerful oil worn to attract the opposite sex either by itself or mixed with other attracting essential oils. It is recognized as a sensual oil, calling love to the wearer as well as showing love of Deity, and it is believed to ward off negativity and evil. Patchouli is also burned in incenses to aid divination and clairvoyance, and is believed to attract money and prosperity.
Growing Patchouli
Patchouli is a tender perennial, a native of Malaysia, that grows around 3 to 4 foot tall with a bushy habit. The leaves are large and furry. Cold will kill it, so try growing it as a houseplant if you enjoy its fragrance, giving you the added benefit of helping to repel insect predators from your houseplants. Patchouli prefers average to rich soil and partial shade. | | 229. Pa'u-o-Hi'iaka Jacquemontia sandwicensis | Family: Convolvulaceae
Indigenous to Hawaii, this plant also grows in Mexico, the West Indies, and Africa. Meaning ~Skirt of Hi'iaka~ this coastal vine has pale blue flowers. Legend tells us that the Goddess Pele returning to the beach from a lengthy fishing trip found that the vine had spread over her baby sister, Hi'iaka, protecting her from the sun's rays. Ancient Hawaiians used the leaves and stems medicinally as a cathartic and to treat thrush. | | 230. Peace Lily (Spathiphyllum sp.) | Family: Araceae
Hawaiian name: Nana-honau'
Common Name: ~Spathiphyllum~ ~White Flag~
Evergreen perennials native to Malaysia, Colombia and Venezuala. The name Spathiphyllum comes from the Greek ~spathe~ meaning ~bract~ and ~phyllon~ meaning ~leaf~ due to the flowers being leaf like in shape. | | 231. - 232. Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) | Family: Labiatæ
Common Names: ~Pulegium~ ~European Pennyroyal~ ~Pudding Grass~ ~Lurk-in-the-Ditch~ ~Run-by-the-Ground~
Pennyroyal, a bitter-tasting mint whose flavor is no longer popular. In former times, it was used as a flavoring for puddings and sauces.
Barley meal mixed with water and pennyroyal, was the drink that Misme served to Demeter during her long search for Persephone. This became the ritual drink of the Eleusine Mysteries.
It is used for strength, peace and protection. Pennyroyal has been used for centuries as a flea repellant. It was also used to induce abortion. It was also used as a contraceptive in ancient times. It also kept bees from flying away when placed into a container with them.
Several tribes of North American Indians used the American species of Pennyroyal, Hedeoma pulegioides, for various ailments. The Chickasaws soaked the plant in water and placed it on the forehead to relieve itchy and watery eyes. The Mohegans drank pennyroyal tea to cure a stomach ache, and the Catawabas used the tea as a cold remedy. Many white settlers learned of these remedies from the American Indian Healers. Both the Indians and the settlers rubbed the leaves against their skin to repel insects. Pennyroyal is called pudding grass because it was used to flavor haggis.
It is considered a sign of hospitality. In the language of Flowers it means to Flee away/Go away.
Medicinal: Pennyroyal herb removes gas from the digestive system. It is also used as a tea, taken a few days before menstruation to aid a suppressed flow. It is used in treatments for clods, upset stomach, and to stimulate blood flow to the pelvis area. It's strong minty smell makes its essential oil useful for externally repelling insects such as mosquitoes, fleas, and flies. It should not be taken or used by pregnant women. Large internal doses have been known to cause convulsions and coma. Pennyroyal oil is an effective insect repellant. Pennyroyal oil should NEVER be taken internally!
Religious: Pennyroyal placed in a shoe will prevent weariness on long walks and hikes, or journeys. It is also added to protection and exorcism incenses. It aids in making favorable business deals. It is given to arguing couples to cease their fighting and restore harmony in the relationship.
Growing: Pennyroyal is a perennial that grows to 1 1/2 feet high. It tolerates most soils, and prefers direct sun. Grow as you would any member of the mint family. | |
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| 233. - 234. Peony (Paeonia lactiflora, Paeonia officinalis) | Family: Paeoniaceae
Common Names: ~Plant of Healing~ ~Happy Life~ ~Prosperity~
Peony is named for Paeon, a deity of healing. Paeon was a student of Asclepius, the god of medicine and healing. He was instructed by Leto (Apollo's mother and goddess of fertility) to obtain a magical root growing on Mount Olympus that would soothe the pain of women in childbirth. Asclepius became jealous and threatened to kill his pupil. Zeus saved Paeon from the wrath of Asclepius by changing him into the peony flower. Peony seeds were used on pregnant women in ancient times.
The Peony represents the Royal Families of China. They call it the ~Sho-yo~ which means ~medicinal herb plant~ The root of ~Sho-yao~ was what first interested the Chinese. It is the ~flower of prosperity~ and is a symbol of wealth and beauty. There is a legendary story about a peony from the Temple of Sorim, NakYang. Queen Mu had a party in the capital city of Jang-Ahn. The Queen wanted show her authority and ordered all the flowers to bloom at the same time inorder to make her happy. All the flowers obeyed, except for the peony. The Queen was so angry that she had it sent away to the country side, NakYang. Strangely, as soon as the peony arrived in NakYang, it bloomed beautifully. When the Queen heard this she was enraged and ordered it burned. Even after burning, the peony bloomed. Based on this legend, the peony became the symbol of loyalty among Chinese. The Japanese apricot has been the symbol of China, since Mao Tse-tung's army started the revolution.
The earliest record of the peony was found in 1972 in a first century tomb. On one of the bamboo slips, a prescription was written: using the skin of the tree peony's root. A famous painter, Gu Kaizhi (345-406), painted a garden scene with tree peonies in the background. During the time of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty (605-618), we find in recorded history that a tribute of 20 cases of tree peonies of various names in red and yellow were presented to the Emperor.
From the Tang Dynasty to the end of the Sung Dynasty (618-1279), the tree peony enjoyed great prestige. It was the favorite flower from the imperial court down to the common folks. Calling it the ~King of Flowers~ was initiated in the Tang Dynasty (618-907). A poet wrote "Only the tree peony is worthy of being called the Beauty of the Empire." People were enthralled by the tree peony. Poets wrote poems, musicians composed songs, artists painted pictures, and writers wrote articles about it. One of the most valuable articles preserved till today is Ouyang Xiu's (1007-1072), Record of the Tree Peony in Luoyang. In this article he listed 24 kinds of tree peonies and described them one by one. Today, several in this group are still in existence and treasured by flower lovers in China.
Peony is the flower of June in Japan, symbolizing ~hands full of cash.~
On March 13, 1957, the peony became Indiana's 4th state flower.
Medicinal: Peony root treats menstrual cramps and irregularities, gout, and asthma. It is also used in combination with other herbs to ease emotional nervous conditions. It should be used only under the guidance of a professional, as it can be toxic if taken incorrectly. Do not use the flowers or leaves internally.
Religious: Dried Peony roots are carved and/or made into bracelets and necklaces for protection, as well as for breaking spells and curses. Peonies planted outside the home guard against storm damage and demons. A chain of beads cut from the dried root was worn as a protection against illness and injury, and to cure insanity.
Growing: Peonies are a perennial shrub-like plant, growing 2 - 4 feet high. They prefer rich, humousy, well-drained soils, and full sun. | | 235. Peppermint Mentha piperata | Medicinal: Peppermint cleans and strengthens the body. It acts as a sedative on the stomach and strengthens the bowels. It is also mild enough to give to children as needed for chills and colds. Used with bitter herbs to improve their taste.
Religious: Peppermint is used in charms to heal the sick, as well as in incenses in the sickroom of the patient. It is burned to cleanse the home, and is used in sleep pillows to aid in getting to sleep. Placed beneath the pillow, it can bring dreams that give a glimpse into the future. The essential oil is used in spells to create a positive change in one's life.
Growing: Peppermint is a perennial grown in full sun, is tolerant of most soil types, and grows to 3 feet tall. | | 236. Periwinkle Vinca major, Vinca minor | Medicinal: Periwinkle is used made into a tea or salve for external use to treat skin problems such as dermatitis, eczema, and acne.
Religious: Periwinkle can help restore memory when it is gazed at or carried. It is also hung on a door to protect all within, and to prevent a witch from entering a home.
Growing: Periwinkle is a perennial plant that spreads by putting out runners, mostly used for a ground cover in partial to full shade. It prefers moist, well-drained soils. | | 237. Plantain Plantago lanceolata, P. major | Medicinal: Plantain is used to clear mucous from the body, and to neutralize poisons. As a mild tea it is used to treat lung problems in children, and as a stronger tea is used to treat stomach ulcers. It is also used for diarrhea, bladder infections, and for treating wounds.
Religious: Plantain is hung in the car to guard against evil spirits.
Growing: Plantains are common weeds, some varieties being annual and some perennial. They are found in all soil types, and prefer full sun. | | 238. Poinsettias (Euphorbia pulcherima) | Family: Euphorbiaceae
Common Names: ~Flower of Christmas Eve~Flame Leaf~ ~Flower of the Holy Night~
Known by its Spanish name ~Flor de nochebuena~ Poinsettias are native to Mexico. There are over 100 varieties of poinsettias available. William Prescott, a historian and horticulturist named the plant the poinsettia after America's first ambassador to Mexico, Joel Poinsett who brought the plants to America in 1828.
The botanical name, Euphorbia pulcherrima, was named by the German botanist, Wilenow. The plant grew through a crack in his greenhouse. Dazzled by its color, he gave it the botanical name, Euphorbia pulcherrima meaning ~very beautiful.~
In the early 1900's the Ecke family of southern California grew poinsettias outdoors for use as landscape plants and as a cut flower. Eventually the family grew poinsettias in greenhouses and today are recognized as the leading producer of poinsettias in the United States.
The Mexicans in the 18th century thought the plants were symbolic of the Star of Bethlehem and the Poinsettia became associated with the Christmas season. Poinsettia plants are traditionally given at Christmas. Their leaves are pink, white or red.
According to Mexican legend, a child knelt before the altar at his village's church on Christmas Eve. Since he had no money, he could not get a gift to offer to the Christ Child on his birthday. His prayers were sincere, and through a miracle the first ~Flower of the Holy Night~ bloomed at his feet. This was the birth of the Poinsettia.
Another story goes that a poor Mexican child on her way to church on Christmas Eve wept because she had no gift to offer the Christ Child. Through her tears, an angel suddenly appeared and instructed her to gather weeds from the roadside. When the child arrived at the altar with her wilted offering, starry crimson blossoms burst forth from every stem.
The poinsettia's brilliant display is produced by colored bracts surrounding the real flowers, which appear as a cluster of yellow berries called cyathia. The petal-like bracts are modified leaves located at the junction of the flower stalks and main stem. The actual flower of the poinsettia is small and yellow but surounding the flower are large, bright red leaves, often mistaken for petals.
The Aztecs called poinsettias ~Cuetlaxochitle.~ During the 14th - 16th century the sap was used to control fevers and the bracts were used to make a reddish dye.
Poinsettia are known as the ~Crown of the Andes~ in Chile and Peru and ~Lobster Flower~ and ~Flame Leaf Flower~ in Central America.
December 12 is National Poinsettia Day. Poinsettias represent over 85 percent of the potted plant sales, worth about $220 million, during the holiday season in the Unites States. The cost of a poinsettia is determined by the number of blooms. Ninety percent of all poinsettias are exported from the United States of which California is the top poinsettia producing state. | | 239. Polygonum (Polygonum bistorta L.) | Family: Polygonaceae
Common Names: ~Bistort~ ~Dragon's Wort~ ~Snakeweed~ ~Serpentary~ ~Snake Root~ ~Adderwort~ ~Osterick~ ~Passions~ ~Easter Ledges~
Bistort means ~twice-twisted~ because it's root which is a stout, twisted, reddish-brown horizontal rhizome.
In the Language of Flowers it signifies Horror. It is used for divination and trance work. The root is used as a charm and if carried near the breast, it helps those vexed with frenzy. It is supposed to heal passions and gives a person who touches it the virtue of their sign or planet. Leaves and young shoots were used in Herb Pudding in the Middle Ages. | | 240. - 241. Poppy (Papaver rhoeas) | Family: Papaveraceae
Poppy comes from the Greek word ~rhoeas~ meaning ~red.~ Papaver is Latin, meaning ~pap,~ the opium poppy's milky juice. Oriental poppies contain opium which has been used for centuries. The corn poppy does not contain opium.
Poppies were found in Egyptian tombs dating back 3,000 years. According to the Romans the poppy could heal a love wound and they used it for witchcraft. The ancient Greeks used poppies as a love charm and thought that they were a sign of fertility and brought health and strength so Greek atheletes were given mixtures of poppy seeds, honey, and wine.
According to Greek legend, the poppy was created by Somnus, the god of sleep, to help Ceres, the corn goddess, who was exhausted by the search for her lost daughter that she couldn't make the corn grow. The poppies soothed her to sleep, and when she rested, the corn grew again, giving rise to the belief that the presence of poppies was essential to grow corn.
Demeter,so the legend goes, created the poppy for the purpose of getting some sleep after the loss of her daughter Persephone. The twin brothers Hypnos and Thanatos (Sleep and Death) were represented as crowned with poppies or carrying poppies in their hands. Obviously the Greeks were aware of the fact that a merciful sleep induced by opium could lead to death.
Another story about the poppy tells us that a bad witch had transformed a woman into a poppy. From that day on the woman lived on the field with the other poppies and was allowed to visit her family only at night time. One night the woman told her husband that if the next day he will pick her poppy the spell will be broken. In the morning the man went to the field and saw hundreds of poppies there, all looking alike. After looking at each of them, the man knew which one was his wife because that poppy was the only one not wet by the morning dew, since the woman had spent her night at home. When he picked that poppy the spell was broken and they lived happily ever after.
In New Zealand the term ~Tall Poppy~ is used to describe people who stand out above all others. The ~Welsh Poppy~ is yellow. ~Corn Rose~ was the name given in Roman times to the wild Poppy, which was often found growing in fields of corn. ~Smoke of the Earth~ is the name given in the Middle Ages to the Poppy. The smoke of the burning plant was said to cast out evil spirits.
The poppy was noticed during the Napoleonic Wars, as the mysterious flower that bloomed around the fresh graves of fallen soldiers. After the 1914-18 war the shell holes, and graves on the battlefields in Flanders, filled with poppies. The Poppies were said to have come from the spilt blood of war. It is an emblem that commemorates those who died in wars.
It was known to the Assyrians and was introduced into England by the Romans. Christianity gave its symbolism a new twist. Carved into the benches of some medieval church pews it represented the belief that we rest in anticipation of the Last Day.
The plant has many healing qualites apart from that of narcotic. Morphine and Codeine are two familiar drugs made from the poppy. Opium was also the main reason for England's war with China in 1839. For centuries opium has been cultivated in India.
Canadian doctor, Lt.-Col. John McCrae, immortalized the poppy in his famous poem In Flanders Fields.
After the war, an American, Moina Michael, began wearing a poppy in memory of the war dead.
Dorothy fell asleep in a field of poppies in the Wizard of Oz.
Medicinal: Poppy is used for pain, insomnia, nervousness, and chronic coughs.
Religious: Poppy seed pods are used in prosperity charms. The seeds are added to food to aid in getting pregnant. To find the answer to a question, write it in blue ink on a piece of white paper. Place the paper inside a poppy seed pod and put it beneath your pillow. The answer will come to you in a dream.
Growing: Poppies are perennials that like poor to average soils that tend toward dryness. There are varieties that will grow most anywhere in North America. Their foliage tends to die off by July, after a spectacular showing of flowers in the spring, but the foliage begins rejuvenation around September, which waits until spring to begin growing again. There are many annual varieties, but the perennial ones are most commonly used for healing. | | 242. Primrose (Primula vulgaris) | Family: Primulaceae
Common Names: ~Virgin Mary's Cowslips~ ~Cowslip~
Primula comes from the Latin prima which means ~the first~ and indicates that the flowers lead the parade of spring blooms.
The goddess Bertha is supposed to entice children into her enchanted halls by offering them beautiful primroses. The ~mysterious number~ of primrose petals represents woman. The five petals represent birth, initiation, consummation, repose, and death.
The whole plant is sedative. In ancient cookery the flowers were the chief ingredient in a pottage called ~Primrose Pottage.~ Another old dish had rice, almonds, honey, saffron, and ground Primrose flowers. A wash of Cowslip water will improve the complexion.
Primrose is associated with Freya, and it is said to open the door to her hall or mound. | | 243. Protea (Protea Cynaroides) | Family: Proteaceae
Originated in Australia, Southern Africa and South America. According to Botanists, Protea are one of the oldest flowers on the earth, known to exist in prehistoric times. It has more than 1,400 different varieties. As a family, proteaceae is so diverse that it did not receive a botanical name until 1735.
Protea was named after the Greek mythological sea god Proteus, who herded seals for Poseidon and could assume many different shapes at will.
Associated with the star sign Aquarius. Proteas are suitable for drying. They have a vase Life of 7 to 10 days | | 244. Pua-kenikeni (Fagraea berteriana) | Family: Loganiaceae
Native to the South Pacific the Pua keni keni grows into a small spreading tree or a large shrub. It has fragrant, tubular shaped white flowers which turn golden orange. Flowers are popular for making Lei's and the Hawaiian translation means ~ten cent flower~ which is what the flower once sold for.
According to Tahitian legend this plant originated from the Tenth Heaven. Its fragrant flowers were used by the Polynesians to perfume coconut oil. | | 245. Purple Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) | Family: Convolvulaceae Juss.
Hawaiian name: 'Uala
Common Names: ~Sweet potato~ ~Kumara~ ~Uwi~ ~Ubi~ ~~Yam~
Sweet potato is an important crop of the Pacific islands for centuries. It was a staple in the diet of the Maoris of New Zealand. The name ~Kumar~ is used for this plant in Peru.
According to legend, Rongo ma-Tane, a Maori god, protects this plant; the buried tuber is said to be very powerful that it can make an enemy mad and run away.
It is said that the Hawaiian God, Kane Puaa, had a snout-like nose like the sweet potato. In Japan and Taiwan, it is dried and stored as ~typhoon insurance.~ Japan leads in production of sweet potatoes, and throughout the Orient this tuber is a common table vegetable. | | 246. Pussy Willow Salix discolor | Family: Salicaceae
In ancient Europe Pussy Willow rods and branches with leaves were called ~Rods of Life.~ The Mysteries of the Roman goddess, Libra, included initiating women into motherhood by ritual flogging them with the Rod of Life to ensure fertility. Poles and Ukrainians struck one another with pussy willows on Palm Sunday, a custom called ~God's Wounds~ in remembrance of the scourging of Jesus.
The Pussy Willow, provides a compound called ~salicin~ which is similar to the active ingredient in most painkillers. Native North Americans extracted it from the bark and roots for a painkiller and anti-fever medication. | | 247. - 248. Queen Anne's Lace (Daucus carota) | Family: Apiaceae
Common Names: ~Bishop's Flower~ ~False Queen Anne's Lace~ ~Queen of Africa ~ ~Large Bullwort ~ ~Wild Carrot ~ Bird's-Nest ~ ~Devil's-Plague~ ~Bee's Nest Plant~
Queen Anne's Lace is said to have been named after Queen Anne of England, an expert lace maker. English legend tells us that Queen Anne challenged the ladies of the court to a contest to see who could produce a pattern of lace as lovely as the flower of this plant. No one could rival the queen's handiwork. She however, pricked her finger with a needle and a single drop of blood fell into the lace, that is said to be the dark purple floret in the center of the flower.
Another folklore about Queen Anne's lace says that the mother of whomever picks it and takes it into a house will die.
Yet another says that this plant will thrive if it is planted in the garden of a woman who is true to herself.
Queen Anne's Lace is the wild progenitor of the carrot. The white flower is shaped like an umbrella and is made up of many small flowers in a lace-like pattern. At the center is a purplish-black floret. The root is thick and resembles a carrot. The word carrot is Celtic and means ~red of color.~ The species name, Daucus, comes from the Greek word ~dais,~ which means ~to burn,~ signifying its pungent and stimulating qualities.
Tea made from the root of Queen Anne's Lace has been used as diuretic to prevent and eliminate kidney stones. Its seeds have been used as a contraceptive and as a remedy for hangovers. The root of Queen Anne's Lace can be eaten as a vegetable or in soup. North African natives chewed it to protect themselves from the sun. In parts of India, women chew some dry seeds every day to reduce their fertility.
Medicinal: Queen Anne's Lace is used for treating gallstones and kidney stones, as well as water retention and strains and sprains. It is also called Wild Carrot.
Growing: Queen Anne's Lace is found throughout most of North America. It is a wildflower, distinguished by the one red flower in the center of a cluster of many tiny white flowers. It is a biennial that grows to 3 feet tall. | | 249. Raspberry Rubus idaeus | Medicinal: Red Raspberry is one of the most proven female herbs. It strengthens the uterine wall during preganancy, reduces the pain of childbirth, and helps to reduce false labor pains. After childbirth it is used to decrease uterine swelling and cut down on post-partum bleeding. It is used to ease menstrual cramps and to regulate the flow during menstruation. It is also good for vomiting in small children, and dysentery and diarrhea in infants.
Religious: Raspberry is served as a love-inducing food. The brambles are hung at the entrance to the home to prevent unwanted spirits from entering.
Growing: Red Raspberry is a biennial or perennial, depending on the variety, growing 3 - 6 feet tall. They need a cold winter and a long cool spring, so they do not do well in the South. They aren't too picky about soil, so long as they get plenty of water. | | 250. Regal Lilies (Lilium regale) | Family: Liliaceae
Common name: ~Trumpet Lily~
Regal lily has a story behind it. Ernest Wilson, an English collector of the early 1900's risked his life for the these lilies. He found them in the mountains of Szechuan, China.
As he and his party of hired Chinese made their way down a steep trail, a boulder fell from above and landed on his leg, breaking it in two places. The situation grew even worse as a mule train of some 50 animals came up the path from the other direction. The trail was too narrow for the mules to turn around, too narrow even for the Chinese to prop Wilson against the rock wall to let the animals pass. So they laid the collector crosswise on the path and the herd stepped one by one over his helpless body. The lilies made it back safely, but the episode left Wilson with one leg shorter than the other and a gait he called his ~lily limp.~ | | 251. - 252. Rose (Rosa hybrida, Rosa spp.) | Family: Rosaceae
There is a Talmudic legend, that tells how the rose became red. At midnight before the vernal equinox, when Cain and Abel were to make their offerings to the Lord, their mother, Eve had a vision. She saw a little lamb bleeding its life away on Abel's altar, and the white roses he had planted about it were suddenly full blown and red. Voices cried about her, as in despair, but they died away and only a wonderful music was heard instead. Then, as the shadows lifted from her eyes, a vast plain unfolded, more beautiful than the paradise she had left, and grazing there were flocks watched by a shepherdwhose robe of white was so fine and shining that the eye was dazzled by it. He wore a wreath of roses which Eve recognized as having lately grown about the altar, and he struck the strings of a lute, waking entrancing harmony. Day broke, and, dismissing the vision as an idle dream, Eve watched her sons as they went forth to make sacrifice to the deity. She heard the cries of the little creatures of the flocks as they were put to death, and was glad that her children were willing to do this thing in the belief that suffering was agreeable to the author of life and love. At evening her sons were still afield, and as darkness came she went to seek them. Her dream returned to her, and she was disturbed. The fires on the two altars had burned out, and the bodies of the lambs were charred and broken. From a cave hard by sounded roarings of despair: she knew the voice for Cain's. And before his younger brother's altar lay the most pitiful sacrifice of all: the body of Abel, cold and rigid; and his blood had bespattered all the roses he had planted. Eve sank upon the body of her son, and again the vision of the night returned: she saw the shining one again, and it was Abel who shepherded in the new paradise. He wore the roses, but they were beautiful and fragrant, and, striking the harp in a triumphant measure, he sang, "Look up and see the stars shining promise through your tears. Those cars of light shall carry us to fields more blooming than Eden. There sighs and moans change to hymns of rapture, and there the rose that has been stained with innocent blood blooms in splendor."
Rose Completion, Achievement, Perfection. Meanings vary depending on the color, shape and number of petals. For example, the blue rose symbolizes the impossible, the golden rose the pinnacle of achievement, an eight petal rose regeneration. * See Rose
Medicinal: Rose hips are very nourishing to the skin, as well as containing vitamin C. It is used as a blood purifier, and for treatment of infections, colds, and flus.
Religious: Rose water is used in gourmet dishes and in love potions. Petals are used in healing incense and sachets, and burned to provide a restful night's sleep. The essential oil is used in ritual baths to provide peace, love, and harmony within the self. The hips are strung like beads and worn to attract love. Rose petals sprinkled around the home will calm personal stress and upheavals in the home.
Growing: Roses of all varieties are adaptable to most soils as long as they have adequate water, and are occasionally fed through the growing season. There are varieties that will grow throughout North America. Plant them where you can enjoy their beauty and fragrance. | | 253. Rose of Jericho (Selaginella lepidophylla) | Family: Selaginellaceae
Common Names: ~Resurrection Plant~ ~Rosa Mariae~ ~Rose of the Virgin~ ~Dinosaur plant~ ~Holy Night Rose~ ~Mary's Rose~
This is a small desert plant whose branches roll into a tight ball when dry and spread out when wet.
The rose of Jericho is also known as the Resurrection flower because the plant seems to come to life after dying. Its origin is described in a very pretty legend. When the infant Jesus fled from Bethlehem with His mother Mary and Joseph, to avoid the massacre of all the young children by King Herod, they crossed the plains of Jericho. When Mary alighted from the donkey on which she was riding, this little flower sprang up at her feet to greet the infant Savior whom she carried in her arms. Flowers sprang up at all the places where the Holy Family rested during their flight to Egypt.
All through the Christ's life on earth the little rose of Jericho continued to flourish, but when He died upon the Cross all these flowers withered and died away at the same time. But three days later, our Lord rose again from the tomb, and at the same time the roses of Jericho came to life, and blossomed as a sign of the joy of the earth because Christ was risen. Because of these happenings the rose of Jericho has ever since borne also the name of the Resurrection flower.Resurrection flower It grows in the sands of Egypt, Arabia, and Syria. When the flowers and leaves have died and fallen, the drying branches curl inwards, forming a round ball; after the roots die, the plant is blown around by the winds before lodging in a damp spot. The ball then expands again, and deposits it's seeds, which germinate. Once watered, the dried-up looking young plants soon begin to bud. The plant was thought to be favorable to nativity, and was also called the Rose of the Madonna. It was believed to have bloomed first at Christ's birth, and then closed at the Crucifixion, before blooming once again at Easter. It's other popular name is the Rose of Jericho. | | 254. Rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus) | Family: Malvaceae
The Rose of Sharon is related to hollyhock, rose mallow and hibiscus. It is mentioned in the Bible ~Song of Songs 2:1~
Rose of Sharon, or ~Mugunghwa~ in Korean, grows throughout the Korean Peninsula and is the national flower of the Republic of Korea. It is the flower of the Korean people.
In the late fifth century B.C. the three independent cities of the island of Rhodes, Lindos, Kamiros and Ialysos, united and founded a new capital city, also named Rhodes. The coins of the new capital depicted the island's main deity, the sun god Helios, on the obverse and a rose on the reverse.The coins of Rhodes had an interesting life in the Middle Ages. It was thought that the head of Helios was the head of Christ, that the rose was the rose of Sharon, and that the coins were the thirty pieces of silver paid to Judas. | |
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| 255. - 256. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) | Family: Lamiaceae
Common Names: ~Dew of the Sea~ ~Old Man~ ~Incensier~ ~Sea Dew~ ~Ros Maris~ ~Rosmarine~ ~Rosemarie~ ~Guardrobe; ~Rosmarin~ (German); ~Romarin~ (French); ~Rosmarino~(Italian); ~Romero~ (Mexico)
Also known as the ~Herb of Remembrance~ the Rosemary is native to the Mediterranean, Portugal and Spain and brought to Britain with the Roman armies. The name comes from the Latin ros which means ~dew~ and marinus meaning of the sea.~
It was later called Rose of Mary or rosemary in honor of the Virgin Mary. According to one legend Mary's blue cloak is where rosemary got its' color. The flowers, originally white, turned blue and acquired the sweet scent they have today. When Mary, Joseph and the baby Jesus were fleeing to Egypt, Mary laid her cloak on a rosemary bush. Since then the rosemary became blue. Another legend says that Mary washed Jesus' clothes in a stream while fleeing to Egypt and she laid them on a rosemary bush to let them dry. In honor for the humble service they gave the Savior rosemary were made blue. Another story is that during the flight of the Holy Family the bushes through which they passed crackled, increasing the danger of detection, while only the rosemary stretched out its branches in silence. It is also said that the bush never grows higher than Christ stood and that it only lives for 33 years.
Another story of rosemary is that a beautiful young woman from Sicily was changed into a rosemary bush. At the time of this transformation, Sicily was under the domination of Circe, who caused violent volcanoes to erupt and plants to wither and die. She also enchanted the inhabitants so that they would throw themselves into the sea. The blue-eyed woman who had become rosemary held to the cliffs to remind men of the ever-renewing power of good in the world.
Another legend claims that at midnight on Jan. 5, the ~old Christmas Eve~ rosemary plants simultaneously burst into flower in celebration of Christmas. Rosemary is a Christmas green. Though now it is used to mainly season foods, during the Middle Ages it was spread on the floor at Christmas. As people walked on it, the fragrant smell arose filling the house. Rosemary plants add attractiveness and fragrance to holiday wreaths and are especially suitable for small bouquets made with dried flowers, doilies, and ribbons. One of the most beautiful and fragrant of the seasoned herbs, rosemary, will bring happiness for the coming year to anyone who smells it on Christmas Eve.
Rosemary has been the symbol of remembrance, love, and death since ancient Greece and Rome, where its use in marriage and funeral rites signified enduring affection. Greek students wore rosemary in their hair to help their memory during examinations. Traditionally Rosemary was one of the wedding herbs. To encourage couples to remember their wedding vows, it was entwined into the bride's head wreath and, tied with ribbons, was presented to wedding guests. Gilded branches used to be carried by bridesmaids and formed part of the wedding decorations and a sprig was dipped into the wine before the health of the bride and groom was drunk. Someone could be made to fall in love merely by being tapped on the finger with a sprig of rosemary. And a man indifferent to rosemary's perfume was said to be incapable of giving true love to a woman. Wreaths worn during festivals contained rosemary, and magic spells often called for it. To prevent nightmares, people put rosemary under their pillows. Hellenistic and Roman gardens almost always contained Rosemary.
It has also become a funeral flower because it symbolized the memories of loved ones. It has been placed in tombs to remember the dead as far back as ancient Egypt and was used to embalm them. During Medieval times, rosemary was believed to grow only in the gardens of the righteous. In Australia today, a sprig is worn on Anzac Day in memory of the dead. Rosemary was burned for church incense and, until recently, purified the air in French hospitals. Its Old French name was ~incensier.~ 16th century Europeans carried it in pouches and in the heads of walking sticks to ward off the plague and judges placed it on their benches to protect them from typhoid. In Belgium, children were told that babies come from rosemary plants. In Cicely, children are told that young fairies in the form of snakes lie in the branches of rosemary bushes.
Excellent in baking with scones and biscuits. Also known for its aromatic qualities where it is dried and put into pot-pourri and used as a hair rinse. Rosemary oil has antibacterial and antifungal properties. It is said that rosemary is extremely offensive to evil spirits.
There is a belief that rosemary grows well in gardens where the wife dominates, poorly in gardens where the husband dominates, and not at all in the gardens of the unjust and unrighteous. Rosemary is a symbol of fidelity.
Medicinal: Rosemary is a stimulant of the circulatory system. It is used to treat bites and stings externally. Internally it is used to treat migraines, bad breath, and to stimulate the sexual organs. It is also used to treat nervous disorders, upset stomachs, and is used to regulate the menstrual cycle and to ease cramps. Mix the crushed leaves generously into meats, fish, potato salads, etc. at your next picnic to prevent food poisoning. The essential oil is used in aromatherapy as an inhalant and decongestant, and to enhance memory and clear concentration. It is also used in lotions to ease arthritis and muscle pain.
Religious: Rosemary in all of its forms is used for protection and banishment. Rosemary leaves under your pillow do away with evil spirits and bad dreams. It is hung on porches and doors to keep thieves out. Rosemary is grown to attract elves.
Growing: Rosemary is a perennial that prefers mild climates, so it needs to be grown indoors where the winters are harsh, or very heavily mulched. It reaches 2-4 feet in height, and is tolerable of poor soils. Cut back after flowering to keep it from becoming leggy. | | 257. Rue Ruta graveolens | Medicinal: Rue is used in small amounts to expel poisons from the system, such as those from snake bites, scorpion, spider, or jellyfish bites. It should not be taken with meals, and it should never be used by pregnant women. Juices from the fresh plant can cause the skin to blister. It is used internally and externally as a remedy for tendonitis.
Religious: The herb is used in sachets and amulets to ward off illness. The smell of the fresh, crushed herb will chase away thoughts or envy, egotism, and love gone wrong. Rue leaves placed on the forehead will chase away headacahes. Added to baths, rue drives away spells and hexes placed on you. Rue is said to grow best if it is stolen.
Growing: Rue is a bushy perennial growing to 2-3 feet tall. It is found in in average to poor soils throughout North America, and prefers full sun. | | 258. - 259. Saffron (Crocus sativus) | Family: ~Iridaceae~
The word ~saffron~ comes indirectly from the Arabic word ~za-fran~ meaning ~yellow.~ Native to the Mediterranean, Asia Minor and Iran, saffron has long been cultivated in Iran and Kashmir. It is mentioned in the Chinese materia medica (Pun tsaou, 1552-78), and in an English healing manual, of the 10th century.
The first crocuses were sent to England from France by Jean Robin, curator of the Jardin du Roi in Paris. Crocus roots, or corms, are thickened stalks and these were brought over to America by settlers. In the Bronze Age Minoan culture, saffron had religious associations and provided a flourishing trade. One of the first historic references of saffron comes from Ancient Egypt and Rome where the stigmas, were used as hair and fabric dye, in perfumes, as a drug, as well as for culinary purposes. It was used by Cleopatra and other Pharaons as an aromatic and seductive essence, and to make ablutions in temples. Ancient Egyptians sacrificed cakes of saffron to their gods.
As a perfume, saffron was strewn in Greek and Roman halls, courts, theatres and baths; it was associated with the hetaerae, a professional class of Greek courtesans. Like the Romans, the Greeks also used it to dye their hair, textiles and even their fingernails. The streets of Rome were sprinkled with saffron when Nero made his entry into the city.
Arabs introduced the cultivation of saffron in Spain. They used saffron in medicine for its anaesthetic properties. Saffron was an irreplaceable ingredient in the hispanic-arabic cooking of that age.
During the Middle Ages, saffron became popular in Great Britain. A legend tells us that, during the period of Edward III, a pilgrim brought a bulb of saffron hidden in a hole in his stick from Middle East to the town of Walden. There the bulb was grown giving prosperity to the town. During the Renaissance, Venice was the most important commercial center for saffron. During that time saffron was worth its weight in gold, and till today it is still the most expensive spice in the world. Its high price led to its adulteration, which was severely punished. Henry VIII, even condemned to death adulterers of saffron. In 15th century Nuremberg, men were buried alive in punishment for adulterating it. There is a saffron museum, Le Maison du Safran, in Orleans, France.
Waghbhatta, a famous physician of Pampore, a small town in India's Kashmir Valley, reputedly planted the first saffron crocus bulb. A golden-coloured, water-soluble fabric dye was distilled from saffron stigmas in India in ancient times. Shortly after Buddha died, his priests made saffron the official colour for their robes. The dye has been used for royal garments in several cultures. During the Middle Ages it was sometimes used by impoverished monks to replace gold leaf in religious paintings.
Scented flowers have long scarlet stigmas and the female parts are handpicked from each flower, male parts of no culinary value. Each flower has only three stigmas, over 14,000 of which are dried over charcoal fires to yield one ounce of saffron.
Crocuses flower around Valentine's Day. ~Krokos~ was the Greek name for the saffron crocus. It was considered to be an aphrodisiac. The legend about its origin is of Zeus and Hera making love so passionately that the heat of their ardor made the bank on which they lay burst open with crocuses.
According to a Greek legend, a mortal named Crocos fell in love with the nymph Smilax. Smilax rebuffed his overtures and Crocos became a lovely purple flower, Crocus sativus.
~Crocologia,~ published in 1670, was devoted to its medicinal properties. In 19th century England, saffron was used as an aromatic. Saffron concoctions were designed to raise the spirits. It was reputed to ~move men to laughter.~ One legend says that ~Krokos~ was accidentally killed by Mercury during a game of quoits. A saffron-bearing flower sprang from the ground where Krokos bled.
From earliest times, the most and best quality saffron came from Cilicia, Persian Empire (Iran), to the extent that ~Crocum in Ciliciam ferre~ became a common expression. For unknown reasons, crocuses grown in Spain also produce the best saffron.
Saffron is one of the sweet-smelling herbs in the Bible ~Song of Solomon 4:14.~ It has a long history of spiritual and magical use. It was a sacred flower in ancient Crete. It is an ancient symbol of the sun, and has been used to dye foods the color yellow as part of solar worship. Mice and rats love them, squirrels dig them up and birds love to peck the petals off.
In India saffron is used in many recipes of rice and sweets. It is used in Ayurvedic medicine and in religious rituals.
In Saudi Arabia, real Arabic coffee has saffron and cardamom.
In the North of Italy and South of Switzerland, saffron is essential in the preparation of risotto.
In Sweden it is a traditional to bake saffron bread on the day of St. Lucile.
In Spain saffron is an indispensable ingredient in such famous dishes as Paella, Fabada or Pote Gallego.
Medicinal: Saffron is used as a preventative for heart disease, as it prevents the build-up of cholesterol. It is also used to soothe the membranes of the stomach and colon. It is not to be taken in large doses, nor should it be taken by pregnant women. RELIGIOUS: Saffron is used to clean the hands before rituals. It is used in healing mixtures. The essential oil is used to induce clairvoayancy. Thrown into the air, it can bring the winds.
Growing: Saffron grows from a bulb commonly known as a corm. It is a perennial. Plant in the fall, 3 inches deep in light, well-drained soil where it will receive plenty of sun. The three-pronged stigmas that remain after flowering is the part to harvest for healing use. | | 260. - 261. Sage (Salvia officinalis, Salvia spp.) | Family: Labiatae
Common Names: ~Scarlett Sage~ ~Salvia~
The name ~Sage~ is the English corruption of ~salvia,~ derived from the Latin salvere meaning ~healed~ or ~saved.~ There are 900 species of sage. It is a member of the mint family.
To the ancients, including Arabians, sage was associated with immortality and thought to increase mental capacity. Sage was held sacred by Romans as a healing plant. They believed that it could create life, and that eating sage would make one immortal.
Sage is found in many continents. In the Middle Ages sage was believed to auger prosperity. Business was believed to flourish where sage thrived. Sage was a treasured source of tea. The Chinese would trade their fine green tea for sage in a ratio of 4 lbs. green tea to 1 lbs. of sage.
American Indians used it for medicinal purposes. They claimed it cured skin sores. It was also used as an infusion for baths and to color the hair silver. Spiritually it was used as a cleansing agent, to banish evil spirits or to smoke, often with sweetgrass or cedar. Early American settlers of the 1800's said that the herb cured warts. Sage attracts bees and grows well with rosemary. It is used for insect repellent and for fragrance in potpourris. It was believed that sage grew vigorously in gardens where the household was ruled by a woman.
Legend of the Sage Plant......
When the soldiers of King Herod were killing little children, Mary and Joseph fled through the mountains of Judea, with baby Jesus. They came to a village and seated by the roadside, heard the sound of Herod's soldiers coming. The only place to hide was a bush nearby, where a rose was blooming. They begged the rose to open its petals and hide them but it refused and asked them to get shelter from the clove plant. The clove plant also refused and told them to get help from the sage plant. The sage plant then blossomed so abundantly that its leaves created a canopy under which the Christ child and His mother sheltered. The soldiers passed by without seeing them. Mary and Jesus came out from the flower-bedecked canopy and blessed the sage for the good deed.
Since then the rose has had thorns, the clove ill-smelling flowers, while the sage plant possesses many curative powers, as the Provencal saying goes:
Whosoever uses not sage Remembers not the Virgin.
In the Language of Flowers it stood for Wisdom, Long life and Good health.
Medicinal: Sage is used to relieve excess mucous buildup. It is beneficial to the mind by easing mental exhaustion and by strengthening the concentrating abilities. In a lotion or salve, it is useful for treating sores and skin eruptions, and for stopping bleeding in all cuts. Chewing the fresh leaves soothes mouth sores and sore throats, as will sage tea. It is good for all stomach troubles, diarrhea, gas, flu and colds. As a hair rinse, it removes dandruff. Sage combined with peppermint, rosemary, and wood betony provides an excellent headache remedy. It is used to regulate the menstrual cycle, to decrease milk flow in lactating women, aids in treating hot flashes, and is used as a deodorant.
Religious: Sage is used in healing amulets, incenses, and sachets, and is also used in the same manner for bringing prosperity. Sage burned at the altar or in sacred space consecrates the area. Burned in the home, it removes impurities and banishes evil, as well as providing protection.
Growing: Sage is an evergreen perennial, growing to 2 feet tall. It does best in sandy, limey soil in full sun. | | 262. Sandalwood Santalum album | Medicinal: Sandalwood oil is used to cool the body during fevers and heat stroke. It is also used to aid in the passing of kidney and gall stones, and for infections in the urinary tract.
Religious: Sandalwood oil is massaged on the forehead and between the eyes to help center and calm the mind. It is used in healing oils and sachets. It is burned as a purifiying agent in every room of the home, and as a protective agent. | | 263. Saw Palmetto Serenoa repens, S. serrulata | Medicinal: Used for all wasting diseases. Also very useful for all diseases of the reproductive glands and organs. It is also used for the mucous membranes, as well as for treating bronchitis and lung asthma. It's most popular current use is for treating enlargement of the prostate gland. | | 264. Scullcap Scutellaria laterifolia | Medicinal: Scullcap is a food for the nerves. It supports and strengthens as well as giving immediate relief from all chronic and acute diseases that affect the nerves. It is used to regulate sexual desires, and is very useful in remedies for feminine cramps and menstrual troubles. It reduces fevers and aids in easing insomnia and restlessness. It is also used to lessen the affects of epilepsy.
Religious: Scullcap is used in spells that bring about peace, tranquility, and relaxation.
Growing: Scullcap prefers moist well-drained soils. It is a perennial that reaches to 3 feet in full to partial shade. It is not long-lived, so replant every few years. | | 265. Senna Cassia senna | Medicinal: Senna is used as a very effective laxative, often used as a cleanser during a fast. It is strong, so you should combine it with fennel or ginger. Do not use for prolonged periods to avoid the bowel becoming dependent, and do not use in cases of dehydration.
Religious: Senna is used in love sachets.
Growing: Senna is a shrub native to North Africa, India, and China, and grows to 3 feet high. | | 266. Shamrock (White Clover) (Trifolium repens) | Family: Leguminosae
Common Names: ~Dutch White Clover~ ~White Shamrock~
There is no Shamrock Plant. The Irish word ~shamrock~ translates to the English word ~clover.~ The ~Original Irish Shamrock~ is the White Clover Trifolium repens. The word ~shamrock~ is derived from the Irish ~seamrog~ meaning ~little clover.~ Once called the ~Seamroy~ it symbolises the cross and the trinity. Before the Christian era it was a sacred plant of the Druids who considered them a sign of luck. From the writing of Caesar, it is said that from about the year 200 BC, the sun-worshipping Druid Priests believed that if one had a four-leaf clover, he could sight witches and ambient demons. White clover was held in high esteem by the early Celts of Wales as a charm against evil spirits. This pagan tradition was continued by early Christian leaders till it became the symbol of the Holy Trinity for the Irish people.
According to legend, it was used by St. Patrick in the 5th century to demonstrate the meaning of the Trinity to the people. It is said tha the religious Druids on the island dragged St. Patrick before King Loaghaire where Patrick related the story of the Christian trinity. As a sign for the king he bent down and picked a shamrock to demonstrate the three leaves in one. The king agreed to adopt the Christian faith and the shamrock became the basis for the Celtic cross and the emblem of Ireland. Not all Irish people agree with this folklore St. Patrick. The shamrock is found on Irish medieval tombs and on old copper coins, known as St. Patrick's money. The plant was reputed to have mystic powers... the leaves standing upright to warn of an approaching storm. The legend of the shamrock is also connected with the banishment of the serpent tribe from Ireland by a tradition that snakes are never seen on trefoil and that it is a remedy against the stings of snakes and scorpions. The trefoil in Arabia is called ~Shamrakh~ and was sacred in Iran as an emblem of the Persian triads.
The rare four-leaf clover, a universal symbol of good luck, has its own legend: Some say Eve carried it from the Garden of Eden. The four leaves stand for faith, hope, love and luck.
The first reference to the Shamrock dates from 1571, and in written Irish, as seamrog, from 1707. As a badge to be worn on the lapel on the Saint's feast day, it is referred to for the first time in 1681. The Shamrock was used as an emblem by the Irish Volunteers in 1770's. During the same period, crosses of ribbons were worn. It was fashionable from about 1800 onwards to use shamrock as a decorative motive on buildings, churches, furniture, and clothes, but the great 'explosion' in their use was after 1820 when almost anything of Irish connection had trefoils on them. Nowadays, shamrock are usually confined to souvenirs. In 1900 Queen Victoria instructed that all Irish soldiers serving in British regiments should wear shamrock on St Patrick's Day in memory of those who died during the Boer War. This practice is still continued today.
As a symbol of Ireland it has been integrated into the United Kingdom. Today, on St.Patrick's Day, a member of the British Royal Family presents Shamrock to the Irish Guards regiment of the British Army.
The Shamrock is not an official emblem of Ireland but it is used by all sorts of State Bodies and commercial concerns. The Irish national airline Aer Lingus, has a heart-shaped trefoil on the tail of each plane. On St. Patrick's Day every year, Aer Lingus flies fresh shamrock to Irish Embassies all over the world for the National Day diplomatic parties. Irish uniformed personnel everywhere are also presented with Shamrock to wear for the day. It is a fragile little plant, and doesn't keep long out of its habitat. Recently someone has invented a little lapel sachet in which the Shamrock is both grown and worn, and will bloom until the last of Patrick's Pot is drunk.
Three is Ireland's magic number. Hence the Shamrock. Numbers played an important role in Celtic symbolism. Three was the most sacred and magical number. It is sacred to Brigid and signifies totality. Everything good in Ireland comes in threes. The rhythm of story telling in the Irish tradition is also based on threefold repetition.
~In Clover~ is an expression that means being in a ~state of happiness~ or ~well being.~ In the Language of Flowers Four Leafed Clover says ~Be Mine~ White Clover says ~Think Of Me~ | | 267. Slippery Elm Ulmus fulva | Medicinal: Slippery Elm is used to neutralize stomach acids. It is used to boost the adrenal glands, draws out impurities and heals all parts of the body. It is most useful for the respiratory system. Externally it is an excellent healer for burns, skin cancers, poison ivy, and wounds.
Religious: Slippery elm is burned to stop gossip.
Growing: The inner bark of the slippery elm is the portion used for healing. It is a deciduous tree that grows 50-80 feet tall. It needs full sun and good soils. It is found from Canada to Florida, west to the Dakotas and Texas. | | 268. Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) | Family: Scrophulariaceae
Common Names: ~Toad's Mouth~ ~Dog's Mouth~ ~Lion's Mouth~ ~Rabbit's Lips~ (in Asia) ~Lion's Lips~ (in Holland)
Actual origin is not known but some botanists believe they grew wild in Spain and Italy. The botanical name Antirrhinum majus, comes from a Greek word, anti meaning ~like~ and rhis meaning ~a snout~, due to its snout-like blossoms. A light pressure on either side of a single blossom will make the jaws of the snapdragon open, resembling a yawning mouth.
Snapdragons are sensitive to the influences of gravity. Flowers held in a horizontal position quickly curve upward. Snapdragon has been a good source for cloth dyes. In Mediterranean areas it was cultivated for seed oil that was used like olive oil.
Concealing a snapdragon made a person appear gracious and fascinating. Snapdragons were said to protect one from deceit and curses. The Victorian language of flowers states that Snapdragons symbolizes presumption. Snapdragons have a vase life of up to 14 days. | | 269. Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) | Family: Amaryllidaceae
Common Names: ~Fair Maid of February~ ~Bulbous Violet~ ~Emblem of Early Spring~ ~Maids of February~ ~Candlemas Bells'~ ~Mary's Tapers~
Native of Switzerland, Austria and of Southern Europe, Snowdrops and carnations are the traditional flowers for the month of January. The name Galanthus, is Greek in its origin and signifies ~Milk -white- flower.~ Nivalis is a Latin adjective, meaning ~relating to~ or ~resembling snow.~
A legend about the origin of the snowdrop tells us that after being expelled from the Garden of Eden, Eve sat weeping. An angel comforted her. Since the Fall, no flowers had bloomed, but snow fell ceaselessly. As the angel talked with Eve, he caught a snowflake in his hand, breathed on it, and it fell to earth as the first snowdrop. The flower bloomed and Hope was born. In Germany there is a different snowdrop legend. When God made all things on the Earth, He asked the snow to go to the flowers and get a little color from them. One by one the flowers refused. Then, very sad, she asked a snowdrop to give it a little of its colour and the snowdrop accepted. As a reward, the snow lets it bloom first whenever spring shows.
Years ago snowdrops were dried and transported to European shops from Turkey. Monks brought snowdrop bulbs from Rome to England and were the first to plant them around old monasteries. Because of this snowdrops became known as the ~church flower.~ Traditionally on Candlemas (Feb.2) the image of the Virgin Mary was taken down and a handful of snowdrop blooms were scattered in its place. Their presence in churchyards generated an unlucky reputation as time went on.
Every spring on March 1, the national Moldovan holiday, is celebrated. On this day people present each other with the traditional flowers. One of the old Moldovan legend says that once in a fight with the winter witch, that didn't want to give up its place, the beautiful lady Spring cut her finger and few drops of her blood fell on the snow, which melted. Soon on this place grew a snowdrop and in such a way the spring won the winter.
According to superstitions it is unlucky to bring snowdrops indoors and the sight of a single snowdrop blooming in the garden foretells of impending disaster. It is regarded as an omen of death despite its beauty. It symbolises purity and hope in tha language of flowers. | | 270. Sogee (Speed) | The leaves are picked and boiled, as the water boils off it leaves behind a sappy substance. It is then taken orally. The effects come on almost instantly. The effects last no longer than 2 hours. The user gains +1 on initiative and heightened senses. This is why this drug is often found on the battlefield. However, if used too often it is very addictive. The bush is short and doesn't flower. The negative effects of use is edginess, and the person is extremely irritable (for example, if a person is tapping there is a likelihood that the user will attack him). The cost is about 17 silver and 5 ceramic pieces for one ounce. There are 5 doses in one ounce. This plant can only be found in needle tree forests. | | 271. Soldier Moss | This moss is terrific for aiding in blood coagulation. It is pale green in color. It grows in boggy type areas. They can grow into what is called soldier moss islands. It looks very solid until it is stepped on. Lightweight people, if they are careful enough can walk on this with no problem It is like walking on a trampoline (max safe weight is 115 pounds). People heavier than 115 have a 50% chance of falling through into the water below at a +5% per 10 pounds over 115 pounds. When dry, the moss is an effective sponge. It is often used as a battlefield dressing, but new moss must be applied as needed. | | 272. Solidago (Solidago sempervirens) | Family: Asteraceae
Common Names: ~Seaside Goldenrod~
Solidago gets its name from the two Latin words ~solidus~ and ~agere~ which means ~make strong~ or ~make healthy.~ There are nearly 130 varieties, most of which can be found in the United States.
The Chippewa Indians called it ~Gizisomukiki,~ which means ~sun medicine.~ The plant has been used for medicinal purposes. Old-time Californians named Solidago californica, ~oreja de liebre~ which means ~Jack Rabbit's Ear,~ supposedly the shape of the leaf.
The Great Saladin ~1137-93~, the poor boy who rose to be caliph of Egypt and fought King Richard in the Third Crusade, treasured the goldenrod as a medicine and introduced it to the Middle East. The Mediterranean-grown S. virgaurea commanded high prices, when first introduced into Elizabethan England as a medicinal herb. However, when the same species was found growing wild, its monetary value plummeted along with its popularity.
Brews and teas were popular and witches used it in potions. In Europe, the leaves were concocted into Blue Mountain wine. The flowers were used to make yellow dyes for cloth. Nowadays, it is used as beautiful cutflower. It is the state flower of Kentucky and Nebraska. | | 273. - 274. Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum Multiflorum) | Common Names: ~Common Solomon's Seal~ ~True Solomon's Seal~ ~Eurasian Solomon's Seal~ ~Solomon's Seal~ ~Lady's Seals~ ~St. Mary's Seal~ ~Sigillum Sanctae Mariae~ ~Fo-ti~ ~Drop Berry~ ~Sealwort~ ~Seal Root~ ~He-shou-wu~ ~Polygonatum~
A native of Northern Europe and Siberia, Solomon's Seal is an ancient aphrodisiacal herb. It's genus name comes from the Greek Polys meaning ~many~ and Gonu meaning ~joint~ refering to the many jointed rhizome (root). The origin of it's common name, relates to the shape and characteristics of it's root and their relevance to King Solomon.
Solomon's Seal was said to heal wounds. Medevial herbalists believed it that the deep scars along it's rootstock had been put there by the legendary magician as a testimony to it's medicinal virtues. It contains a substance called allantoin which is used in modern medications for the external treatment of wounds and skin ulcers.
Solomon's Seal is an herb of protection ruled by Saturn. It is used for consecrating a ritual room or space. Used in ceremonial magic to bind magical works and to make sacred oaths.
The plant's age can be estimated by counting the scars along the root. Each year the root (rhizome) produces a new stem that withers in the summer, leaving one scar. The False Solomon's Seal has flowering plumes at the end of it's stems, while Solomon's Seal has bell-shaped flowers that dangle down along the stem.
Medicinal: Solomon's Seal is used to treat tuberculosis, diabetes, and wasting diseases. It is also used as a kidney tonic, and as a healer of broken bones.
Religious: It is added to protection sachets and incenses. It is also used for exorcisms and cleansing mixtures.
Growing: Solomon's Seal is a perennial herb that grows from 1 - 3 feet high. It prefers moist woods, thickets, and roadsides. It prefers full to partial sun. | |
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| 275. Spearmint Mentha viridis | Medicinal: Spearmint is a valuable herb for stopping vomiting during pregnancy. It is gentle enough to use for colic in babies, while aiding in curing colds, flu, and gas.
Religious: Spearmint is added to healing incenses and sachets to aid in healing lung diseases and other afflictions. Place some in a sleeping pillow for protection during sleep.
Growing: Grow Spearmint as you would any other member of the Mint family. It is a perennial growing to 3 feet tall and is tolerable of many different growing conditions. | | 276. Squawvine Mitchella repens | Medicinal: Squawvine is most beneficial in childbirth. It strengthens the uterus, helps prevent miscarriage, and relieves congestion of the uterus and ovaries. Its antiseptic properties make it valuable for treating vaginal infections, and is a natural nerve sedative. It is most often used in combination with Raspberry.
Growing: Squawvine is a perennial evergreen creeper that grows on forest floors. | | 277. St. Johnswort Hypericum perforatum | Medicinal: St. Johnswort is useful for bronchitis, internal bleeding, healing wounds, and for dirty, septic wounds. It is used to ease depression, headaches, hysteria, neuralgia, shingles, as well as symptoms that occur during menopause. It is useful in swellings, abcesses, and bad insect stings. Studies are showing that it may be effective in combatting AIDS by increasing the immune functions of the body. DO NOT GO INTO THE SUN if using this herb, as it causes blistering sunburns, especially in fair-skinned people.
Religious: St. Johnswort is hung around the neck to prevent fevers. Wearing the herb aids you in war and other battles, including those of the will and indecision. Burnt it will banish evil and negativity. Hung in the home or carried, it will prevent spells of others from entering, and it is used in exorcisms. If you pick the plant on the night of St. John and hang it on your bedroom wall, you will dream of your future husband. The red juice of the stems was associated with the blood of John the Baptist, hence the plant's name.
Growing: St. Johnswort is a perennial reaching 32 inches tall. It is grown throughout much of North America. It prefers rich to moderately rich soils, and full sun. It is not long-lived, so replant every few years. Harvest the leaves and flower tops as they bloom and store in air-tight containers. | | 278. Supea | This is a vine that grows about 2.5-3 feet in length. The leaves are codial-shaped and the flowers are small and yellow in color. It is a fairly common vine. It's application is effective treatment against snake bites. After application the victim is allowed another saving throw versus poison with a +3 chance of success. If successful no more damage is lost due to the snake bite. However, this medication has some severe side effects. There is a 25% chance of blindness for about 8 days, and there is no saving throw allowed. | | 279. Syntheal | This plant looks like an aloe vera plant. It however, is a disinfectant for open wounds. It has no curative powers, only disinfecting. | | 280. Taheebo Tabebuia spp. | Medicinal: Also known as Pau d' Arco. Taheebo is found in South America. It is a powerful herb with antibiotic and virus-killing properties. It gives the body the energy needed to defend itself and to help resist diseases. It is used in South America to battle cancer and leukemia. It is useful in aiding all chronic diseases. | | 281. Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) | Common Name: ~Buttons~
The name derives from the Greek word for ~immortal~ because the flowers last for a long time.
Some say that the possibilities of conception are enhanced if eaten by women, but others think that eating it causes a miscarriage. Sussex people believed that placing leaves in the shoe would prevent ague. Traditionally the juice of the leaves was extracted to flavour puddings and cakes for Easter. During Lent the young leaves were eaten to sweeten body odours caused by the limited food intake. It has a hot, bitter though not unpleasant taste. Horses and goats do not eat it, but sheep and cows do. Most of the recipes for this plant refer back to Elizabethan times but it is now mainly used for decorative purposes. | | 282.- 283. Tarragon (Artemesia Dracunculus) | Family: Compositae
Common Names: ~Green Dragon~ ~Dragon Wort~
Native to Europe, southern Russia and western Asia, Tarragon is called the ~King of Herbs~ by the French because it is the main flavoring in many dishes of classic French cuisine. An exotic herb with an anise-like flavor, it's species name, ~dracunculus~, comes from the Latin for ~dragon~ referring to the shape of its root. It's generic name, ~artemisia~, comes from the Greek goddess ~Artemis,~ goddess of the moon. It's common name, Tarragon is derived from the French word ~estragon~ meaning ~little dragon~ because of its roots curl around like a dragon's tail. Tarragon, is also thought to be a corruption of the Arabic word ~tarkhum~ meaning ~little dragon.~
According to legend, Tarragon is believed to have sprung up, where the dragon passed on its banishment from the Garden of Eden.
During the late 1500's, the Tudor family introduced Tarragon into the royal gardens, from its origins in Siberia. The colonists brought tarragon to America. Thomas Jefferson was said to have been a distributor of tarragon in America.
Historically its root was used to cure toothaches. It was also used to cure the bites of dogs and poisonous snakes. Tarragon is used to flavor vinegars, butter, fish, pork, beef, poultry, vegetables and rice. It is also used in perfumes, soaps, and cosmetics. French tarragon is superior to Russian tarragon. Dried tarragon has less flavor than fresh as drying removes the essential oil.
Medicinal: A mild infusion is used to treat insomnia and hyperactivity. It stimulates that appetite and aids in digestion.
Growing: Tarragon is a perennial shrub growing to 2 feet high that likes dry areas, full sun, and is found in comparable climates in many places in the world. | | 284. The Lily of the Valley (Convallaria magalis (LINN.)) | Family: N.O. Liliaceae
Common Names: ~Ladder to Heaven~ ~Jacob's Tears~ ~May Lily~ ~Convallaria~ ~Our Lady's Tears~ ~Convall-lily~ ~Lily Constancy~ ~Male Lily~
Its scientific name, ~Majalis~ or ~Maialis~ means ~that which belongs to May.~ Old astrological books place the plant under the dominion of Mercury, since Maia, the daughter of Atlas, was the mother of Mercury or Hermes.
A French legend tells of a holy man known as Saint Leonard, a close friend of King Clovis, who lived in the Vienne Valley near Limoges in 559 AD. Saint Leonard, a brave and fearless fighter, wanted to spend his days communing with God. So he took permission from the king to go live the life of a hermit in the woods. In the same woods also dwelled the dragon Temptation. Saint Leonard was at prayer and did not hear the dragon when it demanded that Saint Leonard leave the woods. The evil dragon burned down Saint Leonard's hut with his fiery breath. Much blood was spilled as terrible battles took place between them. Saint Leonard drove the evil dragon further into the woods until the dragon disappeared altogether. Poisonous weeds began to grow where the dragon spilled his blood, but beds of lilies of the valley sprang up wherever the ground was sprinkled with Saint Leonard's blood to mark the places of their battles. These woods, till today are known as St. Leonard's Forest
The lily of the valley signifies the return of happiness. Legend tells of the affection of a lily of the valley for a nightingale that did not come back to the woods until the flower bloomed in May.
It is a symbol of humility in religious painting. Lily of the valley is considered the sign of Christ's second coming. The ~Songs of Solomon~ in the Bible mentions the ~Lily of the Valley.~ According to a Christian legend, Mary's tears turned to ~lily of the valley~ when she cried at the cross and because of this it is also known as ~Mary's Tears.~ The power of men to envision a better world was attributed to the lily of the valley.
Lily of the valley has been used for medicinal purposes. It was believed to strengthen memory, to restore speech and as a liquor smeared on the forehead and the back of the neck, to make one have good common sense. All parts of the plant are considered poisonous, despite it's alleged powers. The leaves yield a green dye, with lime water. | | 285. Thorn Apple (Datura metel) | Family: Solanaceae (Nightshade)
Common Names: ~Angels' Trumpet~ ~Floripondio Tree~ ~Jimson Weed~ ~Toloache~ ~Tolguacha~ ~Datura~
This plant has hallucinogenic effects. The name derives from the prickly fruits. It's common name Jimson weed, was derived from colonial times. Robert Beverly recounted an incident in l676 in the Jamestown Colony when a group of English soldiers believed the leaves of the datura to be suitable pot greens. They boiled up a potent stew and consumed the lot. In Beverly's words the soldiers turned to "natural fools" and "in this frantic condition they were confined, less they should in their folly destroy themselves; though it was observed that all their Actions were full of Innocence and good Nature." The effects lasted for eleven days before the soldiers returned to their senses, hence the weed of Jamestown obtained its Anglo name.
To many Native American tribes, this wild plant was the substance of dream time in the coming of age ceremony known as Toloache. It was used only by young men in an extended rite which could last many days, when the spiritual truths of the clan were shared in an atmosphere of mystical visions. A period of fasting preceded the drinking of datura tea to increase its psychoactive qualities. Other species, native to South America have been used in religious rites by people in the Amazon rain forests and in precolumbian Mexico and California.
Datura in large doses causes hallucinations, stupor and sometimes death. The juice from the fruits was applied to the mothers' nipples to kill unwanted infants.
Datura - ~Stepping Stone To The Infinite~ | | 286. - 287. Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) | Family: Labiatae
Common Names: ~Running Thyme~ ~Shepherd's Thyme~ ~Common Thyme~ ~Mother of Thyme~ ~Garden Thyme~ ~Orange Balsam Thyme~ ~English Thyme~
Native to central and northern Europe. Thymus comes from the Greek word ~thymon~meaning ~courage.~ According to legend, it was collected from the fields outside of Bethlehem to make a soft bed for Mary during the birth of Jesus.
The use of thyme dates back to 3000 BC, when it was used as an antiseptic by the Sumerians. The early Egyptians also used thyme as one of the ingredients in their mummification process. In medieval times, Thyme was used in drinks because it's intoxicating effect was regarded as a symbol of courage and bravery. Greek soldiers put thyme in the bath or were massaged with oil of thyme as a charm for bravery. To the ancient Greeks, thyme came to denote elegance, and the phrase ~to smell of thyme~ became an expression of stylish praise. Thyme was burned as incense to purify temples. It was also used as an aphrodisiac. Wearing a sprig of thyme in a woman's hair was reported to make her irresistible.
Roman soldiers also associated thyme with courage and vigor, bathing in waters scented with thyme. Romans prescribed it for relieving depression. The Scottish highlanders of old drank tea of wild thyme for the same purpose, as well as for warding off nightmares. During the Middle Ages, European ladies embroidered a sprig of thyme on tunics for their knights, as a token of courage. It was also used in posies to ward off disease and to help mask odors. Placing a sprig of thyme under the pillow was said to keep away nightmares. Thyme was worn to ward off evil and negativity. In the 16th century it was believed to cure sciatica and headaches. Also once used as a disinfectant.
Folk magic is associated with thyme. Fairies were thought to live in a bed of thyme. At midsummer, the King of the Faeries is said to dance with his followers on beds of thyme. English wild thyme has the highest concentration of volatile oils and this accounts for its use as one of the main ingredients in many recipes dating from around 1600, which allowed one to see faeries. In literature, Shakespeare's Oberon, king of the fairies, speaks of knowing "...where the wild thyme grows."
Today thyme is a popular culinary seasoning as well as used in dried flower arrangements, bouquets, and potpourri. Historically, it was used as a snakebite antidote, an aphrodesiac and a booster of courage. A soup of beer and thyme was used to overcome shyness. It is known for its skin soothing and gentle cleansing properties. Burning thyme repelled insects.
The Order of Oddfellows still throw thyme into a grave, hence its continued association with death. Thyme is considered an herb of purification and protection. It symbolizes Activity, Courage, Strength, Happiness, Energy and Affection
Medicinal: Thyme is a powerful antiseptic. It is used in cases of anemia, bronchial ailments, and intestinal disturbances. It is used as an antiseptic against tooth decay, and destroys fungal infections as in athlete's foot and skin parasites such as crabs and lice. It is good for colic, flatulence, and colds.
Religious: Thyme is burnt to purge and fumigate magickal rooms and spaces, as well as to bring good health. Thyme in a sleeping pillow repels nightmares.
Growing: Thyme is a perennial that loves warm, sunny fields, and is found throughout North America. It grows to 15 inches tall, and makes an excellent ground cover on dry slopes. Trim it back after flowering to prevent it from becoming woody.
Thyme for Good Health
This very aromatic herb is not only good for your favorite recipes, but has a range of healing abilities as well. Thyme, Latin name Thymus vulgaris, has been cultivated for centuries for culinary and healing uses. Thyme comes from the Mediterranean area originally, and has been adapted to many different climates around the world. It first came to North America with the first colonists, being used primarily as a food preservative and for medicine at that time. It has been identified as another of the ingredients used in mummification in ancient Egypt. Ancient Greeks considered it a symbol of style, elegance and courage, and they used it as an incense to cleanse holy areas. It is believed that its common name came from the Greek word "thumus", which means "courage", or from the Greek word "thymos", which means "to perfume". It has been identified in writings over 3000 years old. Thymus serpyllum, or wild thyme, is often used interchangeably with T. vulgaris, as their properties are nearly identical.
Medicinal Uses of Thyme
Thyme is a powerful antiseptic. It is used in cases of anemia, bronchial ailments, and intestinal problems. It is used as an antiseptic against tooth decay, and destroys fungal infections as in athlete's foot and skin parasites such as crabs and lice. It is good for colic, flatulence, sore throats, and colds, as well as a digestive aid and a hangover remedy. Infusions of thyme are said to be good for headaches, and has been shown to be beneficial for coughs related to colds and flu as well as whooping cough, as the active constituents are known to loosen and expel mucous. Thyme infusion is also soothing and healing for skin irritations, muscle spasms, and fungal infections. This plant contains a constituent that is helpful for preventing blood clots.
The essential oil is used in aromatherapy to boost the mind, spirit, and body. The vapor from the essential oil is used to treat respiratory infection. Taken internally oil of thyme is known to be poisonous in amounts of a teaspoon, as it is very strong. It may be too strong for many people externally as well, so caution is advised. Thyme oil or infusion can be added to the bath to aid rheumatism and bronchial difficulties.
Thyme is a good plant for bees, providing them with a nutritious pollen, and imparting a delicious flavor to their honey. Its clusters of purple flowers attract bees readily. The dried flowers and leaves of thyme are said to protect cloth from insects. Burning thyme also repels insects. Oil of thyme is diluted and used externally as a deodorant and antiseptic that can prevent mildew. An ointment made with thyme said to be good for warts. Culpeper writes that it is useful to help the new mother expel the afterbirth, and that an ointment made of the leaves is useful for treating warts, as well as easing the discomfort of gout, and kills worms internally.
The plant's actions are considered to be disinfectant, antiseptic, anodyne, anti-inflammatory, rubefacient, antitussive, apertif, carminative, demulcent, depurative, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, expectorant, fungicide, nervine, pectoral, sedative, stimulant, and vermifuge.
There are no known contraindications at this time, although some people are very sensitive to the essential oil, so patch tests are appropriate. Most commonly the leaves and stems are used.
Spiritual Uses of Thyme
Thyme is burnt to cleanse spiritual rooms and spaces, as well as to bring good health and courage to the home. Thyme placed in a sleeping pillow repels nightmares. In medieval times, thyme was believed to bring courage to the bearer, so women often made gifts for their knights and warriors that included thyme leaves, or embroidered thyme leaves onto scarves to be worn in battle. Shakespeare refers to the herb being used in the beds of fairies. It was one of the chief ingredients in ritual altar fires, particularly by the Greeks, to purify sacrifices to the gods. Thyme was also used in funeral rites, being used as an incense as well as to place on the coffin, where it was believed that the departed lived in the flowers. It was believed to assure the passage into the next life.
Culinary Uses of Thyme
Thyme is often used in bouquet garni, which is small sprigs of fresh herbs tied together and simmered in various dishes. Since it is an herb that helps the body to digest fatty foods, it is often used as an ingredient in those kinds of dishes. It is especially tasty with meat, poultry, and game. It has a strong taste, so you may want to use it sparingly in most dishes.
Other Uses of Thyme
The fragrant dried leaves are often used in potpourris and in closet sachets to repel insects.
Growing Thyme
Thyme is a bushy perennial that loves warm, sunny areas, and is found throughout North America. It commonly grows to 15 inches tall, and makes an excellent ground cover on dry slopes. There are many different varieties, ranging from sub-shrub size to a creeping ground cover. Trim it back after flowering to prevent it from becoming woody, and prune more frequently in summer, during its most vigorous growing period. The flowers range from purple to lilac to white. It prefers well drained slightly alkaline soils. Thyme can be sown from seed, or propagated from stem cuttings. It may be killed if temperatures drop below 10 degrees Farenheit, so if this is a possibility in your area, you will want to either protect it over winter, or bring some indoors to grow on a sunny windowsill. Thyme leaves can be dried easily, and it freezes well. | | 288. Tulip (Tulipa hybrida) | Family: Liliaceae
Common Names: ~Tulipa~
A thousand years ago,Tulips grew wild in Persia. Found in central Asia in 1554. Native to Turkey, Iran, Syria, and parts of Asia. The Turks of the Ottoman Empire were the first culture to cultivate and hybridize the tulip. Persian poets sang its praises, and their artists drew and painted it so often, that the tulip was considered to be the symbol of the Ottoman Empire. Holland has been the main breeder and supplier of new cultivars for hundreds of years. Tulips became a status symbol for the rich, as only the wealthy in Holland could afford them. They were called ~Pot of Gold~ because of their high cost.
In 1610, French ladies wore corsages of tulips, and fabrics were decorated with tulip designs. Most of the bulbs were grown in Flanders by monks. The bulbs became a currency, and their value was quoted like stocks and shares. About ten million bulbs were represented in the market. It is believed the word bourse [stock exchange] derives from that period, because those who speculated in the tulip market held their meetings at the house of the noble family Van Bourse. In 1637, speculation became illegal, many people, in Holland, were ruined as prices fell. In the seventeenth century, a small bed of tulips was valued at 15,000 to 20,000 francs. Tulip mania flourished between 1634-1637... and people abandoned jobs and businesses to become tulip growers. The frenzy spread from France, to Europe. Tulips continued to be prized in Turkey and an eighteenth century manuscript notes that the Sheik Mohammed Lalizare, official tulip grower of Ahmed(1703-1730) counted 1,323 varieties. Annual tulip festivals were held. In the1600s, tulip became the national emblem of Holland. It is the national flower of modern Turkey.
One of the largest members of the lily family, the tulip has more than 100 species of flowers. There are many varieties and sub-varieties of tulips. An interesting fact is that tulip stems continue to grow after they are cut and will bend toward a source of light. The name tulip originates from the Turkish word, ~tulbend~ meaning turban, because it resembled the colourful Turkish tulband (turban). The word was later corrupted to ~tulipan~ and much later, abbreviated to tulip.
According to legend, a Persian youth named Farhad, fell in love with a maiden named Shirin. One day, word reached him that she had been killed. Gripped by unbearable grief, he mounted his favorite horse and galloped over a cliff to his death. From each drop of blood that trickled onto the ground, from his wounds a scarlet tulip sprang, a symbol of his perfect love. Due to this, the red tulip became a symbol of passionate love in ancient Persia.
Shortly after World War II, the Dutch shipped hundreds of thousands of tulip bulbs to Ottawa, Canada, to show their gratitude to Canadian soldiers for freeing Holland from the German occupation, and for welcoming Queen Maria to reside in Ottawa while the war raged on.
The Ambassador of the Roman Empire sent tulip seeds and bulbs to Clusius in Vienna who did not know what to do with them so he planted them and when they matured, he gave a hundred bulbs to his grocer who fried and ate them with oil and vinegar. In Japan a flour is made from them. In times of famine the Dutch ate tulip bulbs when no other food was available.
Red tulips are used on Valentine's Day. It is said that in the 16th century the Sultan of Persia displayed his affection with tulips, by presenting a crimson tulip to his beloved as a symbol of the burning flame of his love. The first red tulips were tinged black at the base of each petal which is said to show that the sultan's heart was charred to black coal. Due to this overt suggestion of sexual attraction, the Victorians hardly used tulips as an expression of love. Tulip is the ~Flower of Spring~ and symbolises ~ Imagination~ ~Dreaminess~ ~Perfect Lover~ ~A declaration of love~
Variegated tulips are for ~Beautiful eyes~
Red tulips indicate an ~Irresistible love~
Yellow tulips denote a ~Hopeless love~ with no chance of reconciliation.
Flowers have a vase life of 7 - 10 days. | | 289. Uva Ursi Arctostaphylos uva-ursi | Medicinal: Uva Ursi strengthens and tones the urinary tract. It is especially useful for kidney infections, bladder infections, and inflammatory disease of the urinary tract. It is used as a diabetes remedy for excessive sugar in the blood. It is used for postpartum women to return the womb to its natural size, as well as to prevent infection of the womb after childbirth. It should not be used by pregnant women.
Religious: Add to sachets to increase psychic powers.
Growing: Uva Ursi rarely grows more than a few inches tall. It is best propogated from cuttings. It takes an unusually long time to root, so consider instead buying small plants from nurseries. It does poorly in rich soil, as it prefers poor soils in full sun. Once established, it spreads and becomes an attractive, hardy ground cover, surviving temperatures of -50. | | 290. - 291. Valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) | Family: Valerianaceae
Common Names: ~All-heal~ ~American English valerian~ ~Blessed herb~ ~Capon's tail~ ~English Valerian~ ~ Garden Heliotrope~ ~German Valerian~ ~Heal-all~ ~Setwall~ ~Vandal Root~ ~Vermont Valerian~ ~Wild Valerian~ ~Amantilla~ ~Setewale~ ~Capon's Tail~
Native of Europe, valerian grows in damp woods, roadsides, and riversides. It was known as the ~all-heal~ plant in mediviel times, which comes from the Latin word ~valere~ meaning to ~be well.~ Mediaeval herbalists called it ~Capon's Tail~ in reference to its spreading head of whitish flowers. Valerian is said to be the spikenard referred to in the Bible.
Valerian has an unpleasant smell, and was called ~phu~ by the Greek physician Galen. Named the ~Valium of the 19th century~ (unrelated to Valium), it is known for the relaxing effect, it has on the body. The roots of the valerian were ground and put into protective sachets to gaurd against lightning stricking the house. It was also sprinkled around the floor area of two people arguing to induce peace and calm. It was put into love pillows and hung above doors to guard against evil. The Pied Piper of Hamlyn had a pocket full of this when he lured the rats away into the water. Rats and cats are supposedly attracted to the plant and it is thought to arouse amorous feelings in humans. An oil prepared from valerian and aniseed is used by gypsies to quell unfriendly dogs. Horses are also known to like its scent.
It's hairy root is used for medicinal purposes, as a sedaitve. A cup of valerian tea relieves stress, and helps one to fall asleep easier. It is a good aromatheraphy herb for the bath. Lady's Slipper is often called American valerian. The flowers are great in flower arrangements, but do not dry well.
Medicinal: Valerian is a relaxer, and is very effective for insomnia. It is often used as a tranquilizer, but it leaves no sluggish effects on the user. It is used for nervous tension, pain relieving, strengthening the heart, lowering blood pressure, IBS, diverticulosis, menstrual cramps, and for muscle spasms. It should not be taken over a long period of time, as it can cause mental depression in some people after long-term steady use. It is not habit forming.
Religious: Valerian is used to get fighting couples back together, in spells of love, and in purification baths.
Growing: Valerian is a perennial plant that grows to 3 feet tall. It prefers full sun, and average to rich well-drained soil. Root cuttings are best for propogation, and once the plants are established, they self-sow and spread by root runners. Valerian has a similar effect on cats as catnip, so you may need to protect your patch with chicken wire. Harvest roots for medicinal use in the fall of their second year. | | 292. Venus-looking-glass (Specularia perfoliata) | Family: Campanulaceae
Common Names: ~Bellflower~
Venus's looking-glass is found in the Mediterranean area and throughout North America. The scientific name comes from the Latin specularius referring to mirrors and the plant's shiny seeds.
It is said that Venus, the goddess of love and beauty of Rome, had lost her magic mirror that anyone who looked in it would see nothing but beauty. A poor shepherd boy found it, but would not give it back because he had become entranced with his own image. Venus therefore sent Cupid down to get it back, and in his haste, Cupid struck the shepherd's hand. The mirror shattered, and everywhere a piece of it landed, a Venus-looking-glass flower began to grow. It symbolises Gratitude | |
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| 293. - 294. Vervaine (Verbena officinalis, Verbena simplex) | Family: Verbenaceae (Verbena family)
Common Names: ~Herba Sacra~ ~Holy Plant~ ~Herba Veneris~ ~Herb of Enchantment~ ~Ferfaen~ ~Holy Wort~ ~Herb Of The Cross ~
Vervain grows in sunny areas and especially around limestone. The name Verbena was the classical Roman name for ~altar-plants.~ Vervain is a derivation of Celtic ~ferfaen~ with ~fer~ meaning to ~drive away~ and ~faen~ meaning ~a stone~ and may have been used as a treatment for bladder aliments. Others suggest that vervain had aphrodisiac effects and that the name ~Herba venerisis~ is derived from the ~vein of Venus.~ The Blue Vervain's species name ~hastata~ refers to its ~spear-like~ leaves. Priests used it for sacrifices, and hence the name ~Herba sacra.~
Vervain is said to have been found on Mt. Calvary were it staunched the wounds of the crucified Christ. It is one of the sacred herbs of Greece. It is used as an aphrodisiac and in love potions. It had to be dug up with a piece of gold or a stag's horn on the Saints Days, June 27 and July 25. Often used with endive seed. Vervain was used in sacrifices in ancient times. Held sacred by the Druids, who gathered vervain before sunrise. Jupiter's altars were sprinkled with vervain water. Virgil called it holy and rich. Vervain was carried during peace negotiations in ancient Rome.
Said to be used for purification, healing, youth, peace and money spells. It provides protection and repels evil when gathered with the left hand at the rise of Sirius, the dog star. Helps win in court and tell the future. Put it in the house, grounds or vineyard for abundant revenues or yearly profits.
It is associated with witchcraft and sorcery. Vervain water was sprinkled in the house to cast out evil spirits and protect the house. Medieval Swedes considered vervain powerful against the devil. Magicians used it in the Middle Ages for casting spells. Sorcerers wore a crown of vervain when they invoked demons. Worn around the neck as a good luck charm. Dried, peeled and worn around the neck on a white ribbon, it was a charm against scrofulous and scorbutic conditions. It was used as a charm for young children, to make them happy and to give them a love of learning.
Vervain was believed to confer immortality and protect against the plague. Believed to heal epilepsy, when it was gathered while the sun was in Aries and combined with a grain of corn or aone-year-old penny. Planted in fertile soil it was believed to engender worms in eight weeks, and that a person who touched these worms would die. Powdered and put in the sun, it was said to make the sun look blue. Powdered root placed in a house or between two lovers to caused malice and strife. Placed in a dove cote, it was supposed to cause doves to gather there.
This plant was used in the Fens, an area known for flooding problems, to help find drowned bodies as it was believed to attract eels to the place where the body lay. Vervains have been used for the folk treatments of various aliments usually as ~vervain tea~ and was worn around the neck to cure headaches. It was also used to treat both snakebites and ~bad luck.~
Medicinal: Vervain is used to treat the liver and diseases related to the liver, exhaustion, fatigue, fever, insomnia, asthma, post-natal depression, as well as painful or irregular menses. It will also help increase the flow of a mother's milk. The Chinese use it to treat malaria, dysentery, and congestion. It is also a pain reliever and to reduce inflammation. Do not use during pregnancy.
Religious: Vervain is used for cleansing incenses and baths. Buried in a field, it will make your crops abundant. It is burned to attract wealth, and hung above a bed to prevent nightmares, and above a baby's crib (out of reach!) to offer protection for the little one, and will enable the child to grow up with a love of learning and a happy outlook. Hung in the home it offers protection from negative spells, and is used as a pledge of mutual faith when given to a friend.
Growing: Vervain is a perennial herb that grows 1-2 feet tall. It prefers full sun, average to rich soils, and is grown throughout temperate North America. It is rather short-lived, but self-sows. Harvest leaves and flower tops as the plants bloom. | | 295. - 296. Violet (Viola odorata) | Family: Violaceae
Common Names: ~Hearts Ease~ ~Bird's Eye~ ~Bullweed~ ~Pink-eyed John~ ~Pink-of-my-Joan~ ~Godfathers~ ~Godmothers~ ~Wild Pansy~ ~Love-lies-bleeding~ ~Love-in idleness~ ~Love Idol~ ~Cuddle Me~ ~Call-me-to-you~ ~Meet-me-in-the-entry~ ~Kit-run-in-the-fields~ ~Three-faces-under-a-hood~ ~Jack-jump-up-and-kiss-me~ ~Kiss-me-at-the-garden-gate~ ~Kiss-her-in-the-buttery~
Violas have over 200 common names, a large number of them relating to sex and love. The name Violet is said to be from ~Vias~ meaning ~wayside.~
Called the ~Flower of Modesty~ because it hides its flowers in the heart-shaped leaves. Also called ~Our Lady's Modesty~ because it was said to have blossomed when Mary said to the Angel Gabriel, who had come to tell her she was to bear the Son of God, "Behold, I am the handmaid of the Lord."
The monks of the Middle Ages called ~Viola tricolor,~ common in Europe, the ~Herb of the Trinity~ (~herba trinitatis~ ) because they saw the symbol of the trinity in their three colors. The name ~Heartsease~ stemmed from its old use as a medicine to treat heart disease. People believed God gave the plant heart-shaped leaves for that use. The name may also come from its ancient use as an aphrodisiac and a love potion. The deep purple~Viola odorata~ native of the Mediterranean region, is so sweet that an oil from it is used in the perfume industry.
According to one legend it was Venus who made the violet blue. She had been disputing with her son Cupid as to which was more beautiful... herself or a bevy of girls, and Cupid, with no fear of his mother, declared for the girls. This sent Venus into such a rage that she beat her rivals till they turned blue and turned into violets.
Greek legend tells of a nymph named Lo, who was beloved by Zeus. To hide her from his wife Hera, Zeus changed Lo into a white cow. When Lo wept over the taste of the coarse grass she was forced to eat, Zeus changed her tears into sweet-smelling violets that only she was permitted to eat.
Violets figured prominently in the worship of Attis and Cybele. Attis was a shepherd loved by the Phyrigian Mother of the gods, Cybele. His death was due to a boar but in the more popular legend of his death, he emasculated himself underneath a pine tree and bled to death. Violets were said to have sprung from his blood. The priests of Cybele ritually self-mutilated themselves in the same manner. During the spring festival of Cybele and Attis, a pine tree was cut down and brought to the temple, then swathed in violets. During the third day of the festival the ~Day of Blood,~ the high priest would cut his arms and offer the blood as a sacrifice, while the novices would castrate themselves underneath the violet-covered tree.
According to mythology, the daughter of Demeter, the Earth Mother, was playing with her companions, gathering lilies and violets, when Pluto saw her, and carried her off to live with him in the underworld. A similar English myth tells us that King Frost felt lonely in his huge ice palace where everything was frozen and lifeless. He sent his courtiers out to look for a lovely girl to melt his heart and bring him happiness. The courtiers found a very shy maiden named Violet and presented to the king. He immediately came under the spell of her charm and fell in love with her. Although once a strict and passionless monarch, he slowly became gentle and warmhearted and vowed to his people that the harsh and endless winters of his realm would become milder for one half of each year. Such was the tender effect that Violet had upon the king. Violet pleaded with the king to allow her to see her people again and because of his love for her, he granted her wish to visit them each spring. His only condition was that she could only return to them in the form of a flower for part of the year, coming back to her husband's icy realm each winter.
Common saying about the violet is ~Dream of violets and advance in life.~ It is said that a garland of violets worn about the head prevents drunkenness. They are considered a good luck gift, but when violets bloom in autumn, epidemics or death will follow within the year.
The Greeks treasured violets and the Athenians considered them as the symbols of their city. It is said that Ion, the legendary founder of Athens, was leading his people to Attica and was welcomed by water nymphs, who gave him violets as signs of their good wishes. The flower became the city's emblem and one could not find an Athenian house, altars, weddings without violets.
Like the Greeks, Romans would decorate banquet tables with violets in the belief that the flowers could prevent drunkenness. Violet wreaths were used by the Romans to relieve hangovers. They drank a wine made from violet blossoms. They also placed violets on the graves of small children.
The ancient Persians and Greeks used the violet to heal the heart and the head. An infusion of violets in hot water helped to ease a broken heart. Greeks used the plants to help induce sleep, and to calm anger. It was used as a symbol of innocence and modesty.
Medieval Christians believed violets were once strong, upright flowers until the day, the shadow of the cross fell upon them on Mount Calvary. Forever after they bowed in shame at what man had done. In connection with this legend, violets were often used in Good Friday ceremonies. However, while the violet is usually noted as being modest, Sir Walter Scott once characterized it as a ~boastful queen of the forest flowers.~
According to the Welsh, if a man had been beaten, violets would supposedly divine whether he would live or die. A bruised violet was bound to his forefinger; if he fell asleep, he would recover. Otherwise, he would die.
Napoleon Bonaparte loved the violets. When he married Josephine, she wore violets and on each anniversary Napolean sent her a violet bouquet. Josephine maintained an extensive garden of violets which, became the rage in France. In 1814, Napoleon asked to visit Josephine's tomb, before being exiled to the Island of St. Helena. There he picked the violets that were found in a locket around his neck after he died. The French thus chose the violet as their emblem, and Napoleon was nicknamed ~Corporal Violet~ or ~Le Pere Violet~ meaning ~the little flower that returns with spring.~
Postcards picturing a bunch of violets flooded France, but when scrutinized closely, the violets in the bouquet revealed the outlines of portraits of Napoleon, Maria Louise and of their three year old son, Charles, King of Rome. Later Napoleon III adopted the violet as the symbol of his regime. The day he met his future wife, Eugenie, she expressed her favor of him by wearing a violet gown and violets in her hair at a ball. She carried violets at her wedding and received bouquets of them at her anniversaries. Because of all the Napoleonic interest in violets, France became a leader in developing and cultivating new varieties of violets and pansies.
Mohammed considered them his favorite flower. A 10th Century English herbal said the blossoms could chase away evil spirits. Ancient Britons used the flowers as a cosmetic, and Celtic women mixed violets and goat's milk to concoct a beauty lotion. It is also believed to encourage fleas to move into the home.
Violets are also considered to be funeral flowers. It was thrown in graves for remembrance in rural England. The mourners also carried violets to protect themselves against poisonous exhalations while in the cemetery. In ancient Greece, so many violets were placed in a grave that they almost completed concealed the body, and they were also scattered about tombs. Persephone was gathering violets the day she was kidnapped by Pluto and carried off to the Underworld. Josephine had them showered on her coffin when she died. Napoleon the Little was buried under a pall of woven violets. Because of their association with death, violets became a flower of ill omen.
The violet's use as a medicine was extensive from the 16th Century onwards. Among the few plants to contain salicylic acid, the chief ingredient in aspirin, certain violets have found use as pain relievers. Its most interesting medicinal use, has been as a treatment for cancers, such as those of the tongue, skin, and colon. Mrs. Grieve records one case in which a man was supposedly cured of colon cancer in nine weeks, during which time he had consumed almost all the leaves from a nursery bed of violets covering an area equal to 1,600 square feet.
The bands of invading Tartars were often forced to live off the land as they moved across central Russia. An account by the 17th century Russian traveler Gmelin, informs us that the Tartars ate the roots of violets which were cooked down into a thick soup which aided in keeping their stomachs full as they migrated westward. Violets, which contain sugar, have found their way into the culinary world. The flowers have been popular crystallized and served as a candy or a cake decoration. The flowers have also been used as a food dye, in candy-making.
Violet is the - Flower of February
It symbolizes Purity and Charm against evil, I return your love Faithfulness, Modesty and Simplicity
Blue violets - "I'll always be true" and signify constancy
White violets- depict modesty and the desire to "take a chance on happiness"
Yellow violets - convey modest worth.
Violet is the State flower of Illinois, New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin.
Medicinal: Violet is effective in healing internal ulcers. It is used both internally and externally for pimples, abscesses, tumors, and swollen glands. It is useful in treating malignant growths as well. Native Americans soaked corn seed in an infusion of yellow violet to prevent insects from eating the seeds.
Religious: Violet in a pillow will help ease headaches away. Carrying the flowers brings a change in luck, and mixed with lavendar makes a powerful love sachet.
Growing: Violets are a perennial, prefer partial shade, average to rich well-drained soil, and grow to 8 inches tall. | | 297. Vitex Vitex agnus-castus | Medicinal: Vitex is a normalizing herb for the reproductive system. It is most commonly used in treating infertility, PMS, menopausal problems, and hormonal imbalances. It is most effective when taken over a period of time, and in conjunction with other herbs used for the same purposes. It is also known as chaste tree fruit, or chaste berry.
Religious: Vitex blossoms and branches were strewn in temples during festivals to honor Demeter. Hera is said to have been born under a Vitex tree. Vesta carried twigs of Vitex as symbols of purity.
Growing: Vitex is a small shrub or tree native to Asia and Europe. It has been introduced in the United States, and has naturalized throughout the southeast, as far north as Maryland. It typically grows 9 to 16 feet tall, but may grow larger in the warm areas of the deep south. | | 298. Wallflower (Cheiranthus allionii) | Family: Brassicaceae
Common Names: ~Wall Violet~ ~Winter Gillflower~ ~Blood-drops-of-Christ~ ~Bloody Warrior~
Wallflower is native to the Canary Islands. It has vivid orange flowers. The leaves are narrow and can withstand dry or moist conditions once established.
The cheiranthus cheiri also known as ~Bloody Warrior,~ had it legendary origin in a castle on the Tweed. The daughter of the lord fell in love with the laird of a neighbouring clan, hated by her father. Their love affair was discovered, and the maid was confined to the castle. The lad in the disguise of a minstrel, strummed his lute and sang a tale beneath her window. When she heard a moor-cock call in the night, she had to slip from her room to the rampart, with the rope he would throw to her. The call was sounded, the maid crept out and caught the rope that was thrown to her, but she fastened it improperly and fell on stones and died. The powers of white magic that prevailed about the place took pity and changed her body to the wallflower. | | 299. Walnut Juglans nigra (Black Walnut) | Medicinal: Walnut bark is used to treat dysentery and skin diseases. The nut is used to promote strength and weight gain. The ground hull of the nut is used to treat skin diseases, herpes, head and body lice, and internal parasites. Walnut leaf is used to treat eczema, hives, and boils. Diluted walnut oil is used to treat dandruff. A strong decoction of walnut leaves, painted around doorways and woodwork, will repel ants.
Religious: The nut still in its shell is carried to promote fertility. To discover if a Witch is in your midst, legend has it that you should drop a walnut still in its shell into the lap of the person suspected, and if that person is truly a Witch, they will be unable to rise from a sitting position as long as the walnut is in their laps.
Growing: Walnuts are trees that grow to 60 feet tall. They prefer full sun, deep and well-drained soil, and regular water. They grow well in areas such as the eastern and midwestern United States. | | 300. Water lily (Nymphaea odorata) | Family: Nymphaeaceae
Known as the ~Queen of the Water,~ it is found in shallow ponds, streams, and lakes. According to an Indian legend, the water lily was once a star. It fell from the sky on the water and changed into a flower.
The giant water lily is the Amazon, or Royal water lily ~Victoria amazonica~, found in the Amazon Valley. It has flowers with a circumference of more than 18 inches (45 centimeters) and flat leaves 2 to 6 feet in diameter. The upper surface of the leaves is bright green and the underside a vivid crimson. The leaves are firm enough to bear the weight of a child. Legend about the giant water lily goes...
An Indian girl of one of the Brazilian tribes was told by her father of an ancient belief that a handsome and powerful warrior-god lived in the moon. She believed the tale and fell in love with the warrior-in-the-moon. After that, no boy of her tribe seemed worthy of her affection. Her family's efforts to marry her failed.
She waited patiently, during the days when the moon was not visible and when it emerged in its full splendor each lunar cycle, she would spend hours staring into the sky, trying to see the face of her imagined love. Often she would run through the jungle, as the moon shone at its fullest, trying to catch its rays and embrace her warrior lover. Her parents and friends despaired of ever convincing her that the passion she felt was a mere illusion.
One night when a full moon shone in a cloudless sky, she went into the jungle, this time determined to embrace the moon-warrior and have him forever. She raced further in the jungle and came upon a glass-like lake where she saw the reflection of the moon. She thought, that the moon warrior had come down to Earth, to bathe in a pool and without a moment's hesitation, she planged into the lake to meet him but she drowned in the pool.
The warrior-in-the-moon, so goes the legend, took pity on the girl who had loved him so much that she had died in desperation trying to embrace him. Filled with remorse, but without the power to bring her back to life, he resolved to make her a star on Earth. He transformed the dead girl into a star of the fresh flowing waters of the Amazon River. The star is now the giant flower which reigns supreme as queen of all aquatic plants.
The Indian girl was transformed into the giant water lily, the ~Vitória-régia~ whose flower opens wide only at night. It is said that the ~Vitória-régia~ opens itself to its utmost only full moon when the sky over the Amazon jungle is cloudless and particularly clear. | | 301. Wattle (Acacia pycnantha) | Family: Mimosaceae
Wattle is widely grown all over Australia and was named by the English settlers who used it to build their huts at the end of the 18th century. Twigs from these trees were used to weave fences and house walls and they packed cow dung and mud, inbetween the woven twigs, to strengthen the walls and make them wind proof. This type of building was called wattle-and-daub. In England, ~to wattle~ meant to use twigs to weave such constructions. There are 750 different kinds of wattle.
It is still used today to make fine furniture. It has been shown in coins and represented as the symbol of developing literature.
It blossoms with the coming of Spring, in most parts of Australia the wattle heralds the coming of warmer weather. Australia's national floral emblem is Golden Wattle. Wattle Day is celebrated on 1 September. | | 302. White Sage (Salvia apiana) | Family: Lamiaceae
Common Name: ~Bee Sage~
White sage is a powerful herb for spiritual or medicinal purposes. The name ~salvia~ comes from the Latin word ~salveo,~ meaning ~to heal~ and ~apiana~ refers to the bees that are attracted to its small white flowers.
White Sage is highly revered by American Indians and it is a sacred plant to many tribes. They believe that the smoke is useful not only for the purification of the body but also for material objects. It has been an integral part in many Indian ceremonies such as prayers, vision quests, the sun dance, or sweat lodges. Some tribes boil up wild sage into a tea to splash on the heated stones when more steam is required, as well as to splash on their own bodies. Other tribes place pieces of sage in between the firewood, in the belief that the plant will help to purify even the fire itself. In the Lakota yuwipi ceremony, a stem of sage is placed behind the right ear so that the spirits will know you.
Sage has been associated with longevity and strength. At one period in time the Chinese carried on a barter trade with Dutch merchants, exchanging as much as three times the weight of their own tea for the sage.
It has any medicinal properties and in many countries has been used as an anti fever remedy. Jamaicans used a cooling drink of sage tea as a treatment against fevers, while American Indians have applied sage tea rubdowns and sage baths to reduce fever. Some Indian tribes have used a salve of the leaves mixed with grease to treat skin sores. | | 303. Wild Cherry Prunus serotina | Medicinal: Wild Cherry Bark is a very good expectorant. It is therefore useful for all ilnesses that have related lung congestion. The bark is boiled down into a syrup, which is safe to use even for children.
Growing: Wild Cherry grows throughout North America in moist areas, and along riverbanks. It is either a tall shrub or small tree, depending upon growing conditions of the area. | | 304. Wild Yam Dioscorea villosa | Medicinal: Wild Yam is helpful to the liver and the endocrine system. It is also used in regulation of the female system, particularly during menopause and menstrual distress, as well as used in treating infertility. Used with chaste berry and dandelion it is an effective treatment for morning sickness.
Growing: Usually found wild in the eastern half of North America, it is a perennial plant that is a low creeper, and occupies average to poor soils and full sun. | | 305. Willow Salix spp. | Medicinal: Willow works like aspirin. In fact, aspirin was derived from willow bark. It is also used to cleanse and heal eyes that are infected or inflamed. It is safe to use, and is mild on the stomach and leaves no after-effects.
Religious: Willow trees are planted near the home as a guard. Its branches have been used for the bindings on a witch's broom, and as healing wands. It is also used to bring the blessings of the moon into your life.
Growing: Willows prefer damp, low spaces, as a long rivers and streams, or areas that receive regular water. They grow throughout North America. It grows to 70 feet or more. | | 306. Witch Hazel Hamamelis virginiana | Medicinal: Witch Hazel is used externally for insect bites, burns, bleeding wounds, hemorrhoids, and varicose veins. Internally it will stop bleeding from internal organs, treats bronchitis, flu, and coughs as well as promotes healing of stomach ulcers. It is often used as a mouthwash for conditions of the mouth and throat, and for bleeding gums. Native Americans used witch hazel in sunflower oil as a massage oil for sore muscles, and used witch hazel as a natural deodorant.
Religious: The forked twigs of the Witch Hazel are used for divining. It will help heal a broken heart and cool passions when carried.
Growing: Witch Hazel is a shrub or small tree that grows 5 - 15 feet. It ranges throughout the eastern half of North America. It prefers full sun, and average soils. | | 307. Wolvquistal | This plant of about 2 feet high has a strong acrid smell to it. It is found just about anywhere. The large leaves must be put in boiling water and applied to the wound within a minute to unleash its most awesome curative power. If this is successfully done, then it as if 25% of the damage taken was never taken. There are side effects experienced by most nonhumans, especially dwarves. There is a 25% chance (30% for dwarves) that either blindness or paralysis will occur (no saving throw allowed). It will last for about one hour. | | 308. Wonder sap (Sap) | The root of this plant is cut and a clear sappy substance is squeezed out. This stuff is taken orally and produces extreme euphoria. Delusions of nihilism (feeling that nothing's real and that the person is part of a dream) is often reported. This plant is found in lowland marshy areas throughout the world. The effects last for about 2 hours. If a person becomes addicted, reduce Dexterity and Constitution by 2 until no longer addicted. Cost is about 25 silver pieces or a half ounce. There are two doses in a half ounce. | | 309. Woodruff (Galium odoratum) | Family: Rubiaceae Juss.
Common Name: ~Sweet Woodruff~
Sweet Woodruff was hung in Medieval churches during religious holidays. In early England it was used in sachets and garlands. In Germany it is used to flavor May wine as a traditional way to greet this spring month and is referred to as Waldmeister meaning ~master of the forest.~ This practice originated in the 13th century, and Germans still serve the Mai Bowle.
During the Middle Ages, It was used for healing cuts and wounds and also used for treating liver conditions. It was also used to deter insects and mixed with snuff to improve the fragrance.
The plant has small white flowers in the summer, and has narrow leaves which will stick to almost anything. The seeds take about 200 days to germinate. The flowers are used for making wreaths and garlands and the leaves in potpourri and herb pillows. The leaves are also used for making a drink. In herbal folklore it signifies humility. | | 310. - 311. Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) | Family: Compositae
Common Names: ~Common Wormwood~ ~Absinth~
Native of Eurasia, Artemisia is derived from ~Artemis~ the Greek goddess associated with the moon, and ~absinthium~ means ~without sweetness.~ The plant with its silvery foliage glows in the moonlight. The first mention of the Wormwood is in the Ebers papyrus, a medical document dating to 1550 B.C. The Egyptians used it as a vermifuge and the name ~Wormwood~ may refer to it's property of ridding the body of worms. The name according to some is a corruption of the German ~vermut,~ which means ~preserver of the mind~ referring to its property of ~altering the mental state.~
Wormwood is the bitterest herb known and it's symbolic association is with ~bitterness of spirit. ~ An ancient legend about Queen Artemis of Caria, tells us that when her husband, King Mausolus, disappeared, she sent searchers looking for him but he was nowhere to be found. She assumed he was dead, and started to build a great monument for him. Although Mausolos did return, he was buried in that tomb (one of the wonders of the ancient world) and gave us the term mausoleum, and Artemis became associated with grief, bitterness, and absence.
The Bible refers to wormwood a number of times. A Christian legend says that wormwood sprang up in serpent's path as it left the Garden of Eden, as a barrier to prevent its return. It is said that snakes cannot enter a garden where wormwood grows.
Wormwood was used with wine and beer. In Europe, wormwood was used to bitter beer and was once used to flavor absinthe, a drink which has been banned in its native France since 1915 because ingestion of too much will cause incurable damage to the central nervous system.
The Common Wormwood was highly regarded as a medicine by the Ancients. It was one of the ~strewing herbs~ and laid among things and clothes to keep away moths and insects. Wormwood counteracted the effects of poisoning by hemlock, toadstools. Women applied it to their nipples to encourage the weaning of babies. It was used in poultices. It was said to ward off plague and was used as an ingredient in a love charms. The Mexicans, celebrated their festival of the Goddess of Salt by a ceremonial dance of women, who wore on their heads garlands of Wormwood.
Medicinal: Wormwood is used for all problems within the digestive system, as well as liver and bladder ailments. It promotes menstruation and will help with menstrual cramps. Do not give to small children, and use only in very small quantities for very short periods of time, as the FDA considers this a poisonous plant.
Religious: Wormwood is burned to raise your spirits to a higher level, enabling easier divination and clairvoyance. Thrown on the fire at Samhain, it will protect from the spirits that roam that night.
Growing: Wormwood grows mainly in temperate regions of the eastern portion of North America. It is a perennial shrub that reaches to 4 feet tall, and prefers full sun and average to poor soils. | |
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| 312. - 313. Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) | Family: Compositae
Common Names: ~Bloodwort~ ~Devil's Bit~ ~Knight's Milfoil Eerie~ ~Staunch~ ~Thousand Leaf~ ~Thousand-Seal~ ~Soldier's Woundwort~ ~Snake Grass~ ~Arrow Root~ ~Milfoil~
Yarrow, a hardy perennial is native to Europe and Western Asia. The botanical name, ~achillea~ comes from the Greek hero Achilles name. When Achilles was born, his mother was said to have held him by his heel and dipped him in a bath of yarrow-infused water to protect him. His vulnerable heel, the one she held him by, was where he was eventually mortally wounded. During the Trojan wars, Achilles was also said to have staunched the bleeding of his soldiers with yarrow hence its other names, ~Staunchweed,~ ~Herbe militaris'~ and ~Soldier's Woundwort.~ The French word ~millesfeuilles~ was used to describe its feathery and fern-like appearance. Over time the pronunciation became corrupted and it was called ~Milfoil.~
It was considered to be one of the devil's favorite plants and used in spells by witches, hence its other names ~Devil's Plaything,~ the ~Devil's Nettle~ and the ~Bad Man's Plaything.~ It was said to provide the wearer with second sight if the leaves were held over the eyes by people from the Western Isles.
Yarrow was regarded as a sacred and medicinal herb. Yarrow stems were used by the Druids to divine seasonal weather in Europe and were the original stalks used by the Chinese in consulting the I Ching. It was also an herb with strong associations to the wise women healers of Europe. During the Middle Ages, it was used to keep evil spirits away and worn as an amulet to protect against negativity.
Yarrow has been used as a tea for various ailments. There is much folk magic associated with yarrow. Yarrow is one of the sacred herbs of midsummer. A pinch of yarrow, wrapped in flannel cloth and placed under the pillow at night, was said to bring a vision of one's future husband or wife. Maidens also consulted the yarrow flowers to choose future lovers. The flower had to be plucked from a young man's grave, while reciting a chant. This chant was supposed to give the yarrow power to bring visions of the lover. If one happened to dream of the yarrow plant itself, it meant they would be deprived of the object of their affection. Using yarrow in a love charm was said to keep couples loving and faithful for seven years. Carrying yarrow in a wedding bouquet was said to ensure seven years of happiness. Washing the head with an infusion of yarrow was said to prevent baldness.
In Sweden beer was made from this plant. It was used for a wound poultice with plantain leaves during the Civil War.
The flowers are perfect for drying and preserving. Also good for topiary. Yarrow symbolizes war.
Medicinal: Yarrow is used to stimulate and regulate the liver. It acts as a blood purifier and heals the glandular system. It has been used as a contraceptive, and as a part of diabetes treatment, as well as treating gum ailments and toothache. Also is used in formulas for treating colds, flus, and fevers. It arrests internal and external bleeding during childbirth. It is used to stop the bleeding of external wounds. Pregnant women should avoid this herb.
Religious: Since Yarrow has the ability to keep a couple together for 7 years, it is used in love sachets as well as a gift to give to newlyweds. When worn it wards off negativity, and if held in your hand it repels fear. Yarrow added to the bath protects from harm.
Growing: Yarrow is a perennial, and its various varieties range from 8 inches to 3 feet tall. It prefers full sun, and average to poor dry soils. | | 314. Yellow Dock Rumex crispus | Medicinal: Yellow Dock is a powerful blood purifier and astringent. It is used in treating all diseases of the blood and skin. It is very high in iron, making it useful for treating anemia. It nourishes the spleen and liver, detoxifies the liver, and cleanses and enriches the blood. | | 315. Yucca Yucca spp. | Medicinal: Yucca is used to treat joint pain caused by arthritis, and to reduce inflammation in the joints. Shampoo made from the root is used to treat dandruff and other scalp conditions.
Magickal: Yucca protects your home from evil influences. It can be used to make a soap and/or shampoo that is used to cleanse the body prior to rituals. The Navajo use it to cleanse and purify, as do the Hopi.
Growing: Yucca loves hot, dry, sunny locations. It is a perennial, and there are many varieties available to the home gardener. | | 316. Zinnia Zinnia elegans | The zinnia was sent from Mexico by Professor Casimir Gomwx de Ortego to his friend the marchioness of Bute in Madrid. Carolus Linnaeus, named the ~zinnia~ after Johan Gottfried Zinn, who was a medical professor at Gottingen University, Germany in the mid-18th century.
It is native to the Americas, including Mexico. It's been commonly referred to as ~youth-and-old-age,~ in reference to the flower's multiple layers.
Vase life of the flower is 5 to 6 days. Zinnias may be dried using silica gel or borax. | |
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| A Useful Note Regarding Poisonous Plants and Herbs
(Information provided by Tessa)
POISONOUS PLANTS As people come more and more into contact with plants, there is an increased chance of poisoning. People are using more cultivated exotic plants in their homes for decoration and around their homes for landscaping; an increasing number of families are camping and turning to the "great out-of-doors" for recreation. All these activities present opportunities for increased contact with unfamiliar plants and increase the chances for poisoning. Poisonous plants are found among all types of native plants: - algae vines;
- fungi;
- shrubs;
- ferns trees;
- herbaceous plants
Poisoning from a plant may take one of several forms: - Allergies or allergic reaction to wind blown spores or pollen.
- Dermatitis caused by direct or indirect contact with a plant.
- Internal poisoning caused by eating plant parts.
- Mechanical injury from spines or thorns; not actually poisoning, but may lead to infection necessitating medical attention.
Ways to Avoid Poisoning: - Become familiar with plants in your area.
- Do not eat any wild plants.
- Keep plants, bulbs, and seeds away from children.
- Teach children to recognize poison ivy.
- Be sure to know the plants used by children as play things.
- Do not allow children to suck nectar from flowers or make tea from leaves.
- Avoid smoke from burning plants.
- Remember, heating and cooking do not always destroy poisons.
- Do not make or use homemade medicines.
- There are no "rules of thumb" for distinguishing edible from poisonous plants.
Dermatitis is dependent on previous sensitivity of the individual. It ranges from temporary skin irritation to painful blisters. The severity depends on: the plant contacted, the degree of contact, and the relative susceptibility of the individual.
In case of suspected contact with dermatitis-causing plants, wash immediately with strong soap. Plant causing dermatitis: - Poison ivy - all plant parts
- Poison oak - all plant parts
- Poison sumac - all plant parts
- Trumpet creeper - leaves
Other plants suspected of causing dermatitis: - Century plant - sap
- Pawpaw - fruit
- Boxwood - leaves
- Ginkgo - seeds
- Horse apple - milky sap
- Oleander - leaves
Internal poisoning does not depend on any previous sensitivity of the individual. Poisonous does not necessarily mean fatal. Some plants are only mildly toxic and some which may be poisonous when consumed in quantity have medicinal uses in small quantities. The toxicity is dependent upon: - The age of the person and status of health in relationship to the quantity ingested.
- The form that the plant part was in at time of ingestion (i.e., cooked vs raw, ripe fruit vs unripe fruit, etc.).
- Relative attraction or appeal that a plant possesses such as showy "edible-looking" fruit.
The internal poisons are a group of chemically different substances that when ingested: - Act on the brain causing narcotic reactions and other mental disturbances.
- Affect the spinal cord resulting in paralysis and convulsions.
- Act as heart depressants and stimulants.
- Irritate the digestive tract and nervous system.
Plants causing internal poisoning (not a complete list): - Anemone - seed and young plants - gastric, nervous system, depression
- Autumn crocus - bulb - burning mouth, kidney failure
- Azalea (Rhododendron) - all parts - nausea, vomiting, weakness, dizziness, difficulty breathing, loss of balance.
- Boxwood - leaves - gastric
- Caladium - all plant parts - same as Dieffenbachia
- Cassava - raw root and peeling - cyanide poisoning
- Castor bean - seeds - burning of mouth and throat, gastric, intestinal
- Chinaberry - leaves and fruit - gastric, intestinal, paralysis, respiratory
- Christmas rose - same as Anemone
- Clematis - same as Anemone
- Crown-of-thorns - milky sap - gastric
- Cycads - fleshy seeds - paralysis
- Dieffenbachia (dumb cane) - all plant parts - burning in mouth and throat
- English ivy - leaves and berries - nervous system, respiratory
- Fava bean - bean - in certain Greeks and Italians - genetically deficient, severe hemolytic anemia, headache, dizziness
- Four O'clock - roots, seeds - gastric, intestinal
- Holly (Yaupon) - berries - gastric, intestinal
- Hyacinth - bulb - intestinal
- Hydrangea - leaves, buds - gastic, intestinal, (limited evidence) convulsion
- Jessamine - roots, flower nectar - muscular weakness, depression, paralysis
- Lantana - fruit - muscular weakness, circulatory collapse
- Lily-of-the-Valley - all but ripe fruit - heart stimulant, intestinal
- Narcissus - bulb - intestinal
- Oleander - all plant parts - heart stimulant
- Privet - possibly fruit - (limited evidence)
- Rhubarb - leaf blade - kidney rupture, burning of mouth and throat
- Snow-on-the-Mountain - all plant parts - same as Tung Oil tree
- Sweetpea - seeds - respiratory, paralysis, convulsions
- Tomato - green parts - (fried green edible), cardiac depression
- Tung Oil tree - all plant parts - gastric, intestinal, weakness
- Wisteria - pods and seeds - gastric, intestinal
- Morning Glory - seeds - hallucinogen
- Irish potato - green parts, seed balls - cardiac depression
- Gloriosa lily - all parts - numbness of lips and tongue, intestinal, convulsions
- Pencil cactus - all plant parts - same as Tung Oil tree
- Buckeye (Horse-chestnut) - leaves, branches, flowers, fruit, young sprouts, seeds - nervous system, inflammation of mucus membranes
- Buck thorn - leaves, fruit - intestinal
- Dicentra (Bleeding heart) - all plant parts - trembling, staggering, convulsions
- Elderberry - roots, stems, leaves, green fruit - gastric intestinal
- Elephant ear - all plant parts - same as Dieffenbachia
- May apple - all but ripe fruit - gastric, intestinal
Mistletoe - berries - gastric, intestinal - Mountain laurel - leaves, twigs, flowers - gastric, paralysis, convulsion
- Nightshade - unripened fruit - gastric, intestinal, circulatory, respiratory
- Pokeweed - roots, green fruit - gastric, intestinal, respiratory
- Star-of-Bethlehem - all plant parts - gastric, intestinal
- Jack-in-the-Pulpit - leaves and stems - same as Dieffenbachia
Mushrooms - unless you are an expert, consider all wild mushrooms poisonous - symptoms, extreme abdominal pain, profuse vomiting, distorted vision, watering of eyes and mouth, sweating, slow heart beat, contraction of pupils, difficult breathing, hallucinations, diarrhea, loss of muscular coordination, severe headache. May have a symptom or combination of symptoms, depending on the mushroom eaten. In case of poisoning, call physician and be prepared to give: - Name of plant if known
- How much and which parts eaten
- How long ago it was eaten
- Age of individual
- Symptoms
- A good description of plant if name not known. Save any uneaten parts for identification.
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