DAIRY
BUTTER �?1 cup equals 7/8 oil or 1 cup plus 2 tablespoons solid shortening plus 1/2 teaspoon salt. Also, 1 cup equals 1 cup margarine.

BUTTERMILK �?1 cup equals 1 cup plain yogurt.

CREAM (half and half) �?1 cup equals 1 1/2 tablespoons melted butter plus about 7/8 cup milk, or use 1/2 cup light cream and 1/2 cup milk.

CREAM (light) �?1 cup light cream equals 7/8 cup milk plus 3 tablespoons melted butter.

CREAM (heavy) �?1 cup heavy cream equals 3/4 cup milk plus 1/3 cup melted butter. (But do not try to whip this. Won’t work.)

CREAM (whipping) �?1 cup whipping cream equals 2/3 cup well chilled evaporated milk, whipped, or 1 cup nonfat dry milk powder whipped with 1 cup ice water.

CREAM (sour, cultured) �?1 cup cultured sour cream equals 1/3 cup melted butter plus 3/4 cup buttermilk or plain yogurt. For dips, 1 cup equals 1 cup cottage cheese pureed with 1/4 cup yogurt or buttermilk, or 6 ounces cream cheese plus enough milk to make 1 cup.

MILK (skim) �?1 cup skim equals 1/3 cup instant nonfat dry milk plus about 3/4 cup water.

MILK (to sour) �?Put 1 tablespoon lemon juice or distilled white vinegar in the bottom of a measuring cup. Add enough milk to make 1 cup. Stir and let stand 5 minutes before using.

MILK (whole) �?1 cup equals 1 cup skim milk plus 2 teaspoons melted butter;
1 cup equals 1/2 cup evaporated milk plus 1/2 cup water;
1 cup equals 1/4 cup dry whole milk plus 7/8 cup water;
1 cup equals 1 cup reconstituted nonfat dry milk plus 2 1/2 teaspoons melted butter or margarine;
1 cup equals 1 cup soy milk: in baking you may substitute 1 cup fruit juice for 1 cup milk.

YOGURT �?1 cup equals 1 cup buttermilk. (Some may be repeats!!)

For 1 cup sour cream, use 1 cup plain yogurt or 1 cup evaporated milk plus 1 to 1 1/2 tablespoons vinegar. Or 1 cup cottage cheese mixed in the blender with 2 tablespoons milk plus 1 teaspoon lemon juice. Or 6 ounces cream cheese plus enough milk to make 1 cup.

For 1 cup butter milk or sour milk, use 1 cup yogurt. Or 1 tablespoon vinegar or lemon juice plus sweet milk to make 1 cup; let stand minutes.

Instead of sour cream, use 1 tablespoon lime or lemon juice plus 1/3 cup buttermilk plus 1 cup smooth cottage cheese, blend until smooth in blender.

For 1 pound butter, beat 2 cups evaporated milk SLOWLY until butter forms; pour into pan and chill. Or, beat 1 cup buttermilk, 1/2 cup salad oil and 1 teaspoon salt into 1 pound of margarine.

For whipped cream, beat egg whites until stiff, then add 1 sliced banana per egg white; beat again until bananas are dissolved. Or add melted marshmallows to the white of an egg and beat until stiff. Or 1 can of chilled evaporated milk plus 1 teaspoon lemon juice, whip until stiff.

EGGS
For thickening �?In sauces and custards, 2 egg yolks equals 1 egg.
For baking �?2 egg yolks plus 1 tablespoon cold water equals 1 egg.
For measuring �?1 1/2 tablespoons stirred egg yolks equals 1 egg yolk;
2 tablespoons stirred egg whites equals 1 egg white;
3 tablespoons mixed broken yolks and whites equals 1 medium size egg;
6 medium eggs equal about 1 cup;
5 large eggs equal about 1 cup;
4 extra large eggs equal about 1 cup;
10 to 11 medium egg whites equal about 1 cup;
8 large whites equal about 1 cup;
13 to 14 egg yolks equal about 1 cup;
12 large yolks equal about 1 cup;
10 to 11 extra large egg yolks equal about 1 cup.

FLAVORINGS

ALLSPICE �?1 teaspoon equals 1/2 teaspoon cinnamon and 18 teaspoon ground
cloves.

BAY LEAF �?1/4 teaspoon crushed equals about 1 whole bay leaf.

CAROB POWDER �?3 tablespoons plus 2 tablespoons water equals 1 ounce unsweetened chocolate.

CHOCOLATE �?For 1 square semi-sweetened chocolate, use 3 tablespoons cocoa plus 1 tablespoon butter or margarine plus 3 tablespoons sugar.

CHOCOLATE �?1 ounce unsweetened equals 3 tablespoons carob powder plus 2 tablespoons water; 1 ounce unsweetened equals 3 tablespoons cocoa plus 1 tablespoon butter or other kind of fat; 1 ounce unsweetened plus 4 teaspoons sugar equals 1 2/3 ounces semi-sweet chocolate.

COFFEE �?1/2 cup strong brewed coffee equals 1 teaspoon instant coffee in 1/2 cup water.

GARLIC �?1 clove equals 1/8 teaspoon garlic powder or instant minced garlic.

GINGER �?1 tablespoon grated fresh equals 1 teaspoon powdered or 1 tablespoon
candied with sugar washed off.

HERBS �?In general, 1 tablespoon fresh equals about 1/2 teaspoon dried.

MUSTARD �?1 tablespoon prepared equals 1 teaspoon dried. For 1 tablespoon mustard, use 1 teaspoon dry mustard plus 1 tablespoon vinegar or white wine.

ONION �?1 small fresh chopped onion equals 1 tablespoon instant minced onion or 1/4 cup frozen chopped onion; 1 tablespoon onion powder equals 1 medium-sized fresh onion

SOY SAUCE �?1/4 cup equals 3 tablespoon Worcestershire sauce plus 1 tablespoon water.

WINE �?for marinades, 1/2 cup equals 1/4 cup vinegar plus 1 tablespoon sugar plus 1/4 cup water.

WORCESTERSHIRE SAUCE �?1 teaspoon equals 1 tablespoon soy sauce plus dash of
hot pepper sauce.

FLOUR
For thickening �?1 tablespoon all-purpose equals 2 teaspoons quick-cooking tapioca (use only for soups); 1 tablespoon equals 1 1/2 teaspoons cornstarch or potato starch.

CAKE FLOUR �?1 cup equals 1 cup minus 2 tablespoons sifted all-purpose flour.

ALL-PURPOSE �?1 cup equals 1 1/4 cups cake flour;
1 cup equals 5/8 cup potato flour;
1 cup equals 1 1/4 cup rye or coarsely ground whole-grain flour;
1 cup equals 1 cup cornmeal.

SELF RISING FLOUR �?1 cup all-purpose flour plus 1 1/2 teaspoon baking powder plus 1/2 teaspoon salt.

FOR 1 CUP ALL-PURPOSE FLOUR �?1 cup minus 2 tablespoons whole wheat flour.

LEAVENING

BAKING POWDER �?There are three ways you can substitute for baking powder, depending on the recipe:
1 teaspoon baking powder equals 1/4 teaspoon baking soda plus 1/2 teaspoon cream of tartar; or, 1 teaspoon baking powder equals 1/2 teaspoon baking soda plus 1/2 cup buttermilk or plain yogurt: and 1 teaspoon baking powder also equals 1/4 teaspoon baking soda plus 1/3 cup molasses. When using the substitutions that include liquid, reduce other liquid in recipe accordingly.

SWEETENING

BROWN SUGAR �?1 cup firmly packed equals 1 cup granulated sugar. For 1 cup brown sugar �?2 tablespoons molasses plus 1 cup white sugar. Best used in cookies and other cooked products.

CONFECTIONERS�?SUGAR �?1 3/4 cups equals 1 cup granulated sugar, but do not substitute in baking.

CORN SYRUP �?2 cups corn syrup equals 1 cup granulated sugar, but be careful when substituting. Never use corn syrup to replace more than half the amount of sugar called for in a recipe. In baking, try not to substitute at all but if you must, for each 2 cups sugar, reduce the liquid called for (other than syrup) by 1/4 cup.

HONEY �?1 cup equals 1 1/4 cup sugar. For baking, decrease liquid in recipe by 1/4 cup. If there is no liquid in the recipe, add 1/4 cup flour. Unless sour cream or sour milk is used in recipe, add a pinch of baking soda.

GRANULATED SUGAR �?1 cup equals 1 3/4 cup confectioners�?sugar but do not substitute in baking;
1 cup equals 1 cup packed brown sugar;
1 cup equals 1 cup super-fine sugar;
1 cup plus 1/4 cup whatever liquid is used in recipe equals 1 cup corn syrup;
1 1/4 cups sugar plus 1/3 cup liquid equals 1 cup honey;
3/4 cup sugar equals 1 cup unsulphured molasses (in baking, decrease liquid for each cup of molasses, omit any baking powder and add 1/2 teaspoon baking soda.)

MAPLE SYRUP �?1 cup equals 1/2 cup maple sugar. To substitute for sugar in cooking, generally use only 3/4 cup maple syrup for sugar. To substitute maple syrup for sugar in baking, use the same proportions, but reduce the other liquid called for in the recipe by about 3 tablespoons for every cup of syrup substituted.

MOLASSES �?1 cup unsulphured molasses equals 3/4 cup sugar. In baking, decrease the liquid by 1/4 cup for each cup of molasses, omit any baking powder and add 1/2 teaspoon baking soda.

TOMATOES AND TOMATO PRODUCTS

KETCHUP �?1/2 cup equals 1/2 cup tomato sauce plus 2 tablespoons sugar, 1 tablespoon vinegar and 1/8 teaspoons ground cloves; 1 tablespoon equals 1 tablespoon tomato paste.

TOMATOES �?1 cup canned tomatoes equals 1 1/3 cups chopped fresh tomatoes, simmered

TOMATO JUICE �?1 cup tomato juice equals 1/2 cup tomato sauce plus 1/2 cup water plus dash of salt and sugar. Or use one part tomato paste to three parts water plus salt and sugar.

TOMATO PUREE �?1 cup equals 1/2 cup tomato paste plus 1/2 cup water.

TOMATO SAUCE �?1 cup equals 1 (6 ounce) can tomato paste plus 1 1/2 cans water. Or 2 cups equals 3/4 cup tomato paste plus 1 cup water.

TOMATO SOUP �?1 (10 3/4 ounce) can equals 1 cup tomato sauce plus 1/4 cup water.

MISCELLANEOUS

BREAD CRUMBS �?1 slice bread equals 1/4 cup dry bread crumbs;
1 slice bread equals 1/2 cup soft bread crumbs;
1 cup dry bread crumbs equals 3/4 cup cracker crumbs.

YEAST �?1 package equals 2 1/4 teaspoons.