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The Civil War : Reconstruction
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 Message 1 of 4 in Discussion 
From: MSN NicknameSunnyBlue15  (Original Message)Sent: 4/28/2004 2:34 AM
I'm currently teaching Reconstruction to my 8th graders.  Curious as to what people think about it?  Was it successful?  Did it serve it's purpose?  What about he Tilden and Hayes presidential election dispute and resolution involving the end of Reconstruction?


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 Message 2 of 4 in Discussion 
From: MSN Nicknamerabbibnw1Sent: 4/29/2004 8:11 AM
My Dear Mask:
 
I think the best book on the subject is far and away Eric Foner, Reconstruction:  America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York:  Oxford University Press, 1993.)  Foner's thesis is that although Reconstruction did do some things to improve the lot of Southern blacks, it had the legs cut out from under it by congressional politics.  The Freedman's Bureau, which acted as a bank for former slaves, we ended after only a few years of existence; federal laws concerning the treatment of blacks quietly went unenforced in the Southern states, while the new Redemptionist Southern state governments established Jim Crow law codes to control the black population; the Supreme Court found two major Civil Rights acts unconstitutional, thus helping to dilute the results of reconstruction, as well as supporting segregation in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896.)  Then there's the infighting between Radical Republicans in congress and moderate Republicans who support the Reconstruction policies of President Aaron Johnson, which also helped defeat a lot of needed Reconstruction legislation.
 
Reconstruction was therefore some plusses and a whole lot of minuses.  The blacks got some help from the federal government, as well as private organizations.  They started going to school, voting, and even holding elected office.  (The first black Congressmen from the Southern states were elected and seated in Congress in 1866.)  However, without the support of the courts and with the political infighting causing major legislation to go down to defeat without a legitimate vote, the accomplishments were meager.  It wouldn't be until the rise of the NAACP and the Urban League early in the twentieth century, the rise of the Civil Rights Movement in the late 1950s, and the violent race riots of the 1960s and the black student protest movements of the same period, such as the Black Panthers, that those unfinished promises would begin to be addressed. 
 
We still haven't accomplished total equality in society, but at least we're still actively working towards that goal.
 
As for the Tilden/Hayes election of 1876, it was a farce.  The Republicans cheated like heck--including distributing phony ballots in Florida--and wound up throwing the elction into the House of Representatives.  There, after a bunch of deals made in smoke-filled rooms, the House agreed to elect Hayes to the presidency if the North would pull its troops completely out of the South.  The North did--and the Ku Klux Klan took over.  To make matters worse, Hayes was one of the most ineffective nonentites we've ever had as president...well, with the exception of George Bush, Jr., maybe.  Anyway, Hayes' only major accomplishment in four years of office was to be the first President to have a telephone on his desk in the Oval Office.  Big whup.
 
It's a mixed bag, at best.
 
Rabbi.

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 Message 3 of 4 in Discussion 
From: MSN Nicknamebrundag1Sent: 7/7/2004 2:34 AM
The Tilden - Hayes election is VERY worthwhile. It has been completely overlooked and I think this may be because or education system is political based. That is NOT BAD. It just is a way of assureing "We, the people" have a voice in how education is done. Local school boards are directly elected but huge power rests at the state level where we elect legislators and Governors who fund education.
 
Many excellent effects come from this system. The Societ Union used schools as a tool for dis-information. As did Nazi Germany and myriad systems over centuries. Our democratic form has weakness which sometimes GLARE but,,, What is the quote? "Our republican democracy often an ineffectivesystem. But show me a better one!"
 
So... It was nver popular to teach our history with it's less desireable incidents showing flaws in our systems. Thus the Tilden election was not taught much. Now, with the horrible flaws in Florida in the last election and the highly controversial Supreme Court handling of it,,, this is the time to look at Tilden hayes. And remember in teaching it that THIS recent event was one where many could have been expected to publicly deride the courts, the constitutional procedures, our Presidential election system for it's uncertainty. (At the BEST form of description of the election of 2,000.)
Damage to our governmental structure and the Supreme Court could have been very significant and destructive. After the last decision, both sides can be shown to have conducted themselves in a way in which damage was lmited. Especially Vice President Gore.
 
RECONSTRUCTION,,,, The same force of public opinion and human tendency to react with emotion first is brought to bear. AS VIEWED BY THE AMERICANS WHO LIVED AND FEARED AND HOPED THEN,,, in "real time", was it effective? Were actions and inaction reasonable? Did not the ensuing prejudices of race, region of residense (anti "red neck" southern, "egg head" northern city folk, etc), and rural vs. city dweller harden because we abandoned Lincoln's view of how post Civil War America shoulds be governed? Yes.
 
He went to Georgia days before Lee surrendered to Grant to meet with several of his military leaders. Lincoln was asked how the southerners should be treated.
 
He had a very quick response. No hesitation was there at all. He had thought long and thoroughly about it. He believed in "the better angels of our nature" as he had said to the south several years before. He told his military leaders in his typical plain language selection,,, "Let 'em up easy boys. Let 'em up easy!"
 
Huge shock at the assassination, anger and bitterness over it,,, The fact that in it's last half, the War had been taken to northern locations and impacted Washington DC as well as New York city and much of Pennsylvania and other location made the impact of war very apparent to even the relatively "safe" north. (Though much is made of the Sherman march to the sea and his 60  mile wide swath of destruction and exerperience of other battles too,,,) many northerners wanted to "teach 'em a lesson." So much of "re-construction was half hearted where intent was good othe people of those moments in time who made decisions and conducted themselves in ways which had hudge negative ripples in the fabrics of  the populatrion.
 
In short,,, This whole period from the war through the end of the century is the long birthing period for our nation. My father,  who loved American history once saaid,,, "What is so special about this nation is the it is still a'borning. It always will be."
 
America is perpetual creation.
 
Scott Brundage
 
.

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 Message 4 of 4 in Discussion 
From: MSN NicknamePDQuestSent: 7/7/2004 3:10 PM
msk1515,   The answer is yes and no.  Reconstruction ended as a result of compromises that were made in order to end the Tilden Hayes election deadlock. The result was a South that was able to rejoin the union, but still retain state's rights. The "Radical" Republicans, e.g. Thaddeus Stevens wanted to have strictly enforced laws to protect the rights of  former slaves and all Negroes. That part of reconstruction failed, and Blacks were denied the right to vote and suffered under the humiliation of Jim Crow segregation.   This was also a time of industrialization and the expansion of the railroads, and the new Republicans wanted business to be their top priority. 
 
Please see my biography on William Wheeler  on Quest's Board. 

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