Hogsmeade

Hogsmeade is the only entirely wizarding village in Britain. It's a picturesque village of little thatched cottages and shops. During the holiday season, enchanted candles hang in the trees. Hogwarts is located quite near the village; a road runs around the school grounds to Hogsmeade Station, where the Hogwarts Express stops to disembark the students at the start of term. According to tradition, Hogsmeade was founded about the same time as Hogwarts by Hengist of Woodcroft, who was fleeing persecution by Muggles (CS/g).

from the Wizard's Atlas:
Map of Hogwarts and environs, showing Hogsmeade, drawn by JK Rowling
Map of Hogsmeade

When you visit the village:

Honeydukes Sweetshop
Sweetshop, owned by Ambrosius Flume (HBP4) and his wife, who live over the shop; an entrance to one of the secret tunnels from Hogwarts is in the cellar under a trap door. Honeydukes not only sells a wide variety of sweets, they also make their own fudge and enormous blocks of chocolate.

The Three Broomsticks
Owner: Madam Rosmerta
A great spot to drink butterbeer, although they also serve gillywater, mulled mead, red currant rum, and even cherry syrup and soda with ice and an umbrella (PA10). There are tables, booths, and a mirror over the bar.

Zonko's Joke Shop
Zonko's is a favourite place for Hogwarts students to shop. They carry "jokes and tricks to fulfill even Fred's and George's wildest dreams," including Dungbombs, Hiccup Sweets, Frog Spawn Soap, and Nose-Biting Teacups (PA14). During the dark time of 1996 and 1997, Zonko's closed and was boarded up. Fred and George visited Hogsmeade with an eye toward possibly buying the premises and turning it into a Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes (HBP18)

The Shrieking Shack
Reputed to be the most haunted house in Britain, the Shrieking Shack gets its name from the terrifying screams and noises heard coming from it some twenty years ago. The Shack has been silent for years, but the reputation lives on. The windows are completely boarded up. Outside the house is a dank, overgrown garden. The entrances are all sealed; even Fred and George couldn't figure out how to get in. The Hogwarts ghosts avoid the place, saying that it's the home of a "rough crowd." (PA10, PA17, PA18, PA19)

Dervish and Banges
Shop that sells and repairs magical equipment, located near the end of the High Street (PA5, GF27).

Gladrags Wizardwear
Clothier, with additional shops in London and Paris. Among other things, you can buy strange socks there (GF8, GF27)

railway station
The station, where the Hogwarts Express ends its journey north from Platform Nine-And-Three-Quarters, is located near the lake. A road extends from the train station around the lake to Hogwarts Castle (PS6, PA5, GF11). The station is actually quite a distance from the town itself, being on the opposite side of the Hogwarts grounds (map by JKR on the PA/dvd).

Madam Puddifoot's
owner: Madam Puddifoot
A small, cramped tea shop with decor on the tacky side of frilly, filled with small circular tables, located on a side street off the High Street; the only Hogwarts students who seem to patronize the place are trysting couples. The owner uses a revoltingly sappy decor for Valentine's Day (floating golden cherubs occasionally throwing pink confetti) (OP25).

Scrivenshaft's Quill Shop
Located on the High Street; Hermione bought a black-and-gold pheasant-feather quill there in October 1995 (OP16, OP25)

post office
At least three hundred owls, from Great Grays to tiny Scops ("Local Deliveries Only"), wait to carry messages. They sit on shelves that are color-coded, depending on how fast you want your letter to get to its destination (PA8).

The Hog's Head
sign: a wild boar's severed head leaking blood onto the white cloth around it
barman: grumpy-looking old man with a great deal of long grey hair and beard, who looked vaguely familiar to Harry (OP16)
A small inn in Hogsmeade, on a side street off the main street, much dirtier (and attracting a more, er, interesting, clientele) than the Three Broomsticks. The bar consists of a single small, dirty room smelling strongly of something that might be goats; while students are permitted to go in, they're advised to bring their own glasses. It's something of a fashion to hide one's face in the Hog's Head, by wearing a hood or veil; Hagrid once won a dragon egg from a hooded stranger in a card game there and shrugged it off, saying that "yeh get a lot o' funny folk in the Hog's Head." (PS16, OP16). Sites of Historical Sorcery mentions that 'the inn' was the headquarters of the 1612 goblin rebellion (PA5), so more secret passages that the Marauders didn't find might possibly be associated with it.