In her 1969 book, On Death and Dying, Elizabeth Kubler-Ross identified five distinct phases which a dying person encounters.  These stages are "denial," "anger," "bargaining," "depression," and finally, "acceptance."  These are the exact same stages that are felt by those mourning the loss of a loved one as well.

Denial can be recognized as the state of disbelief: "This isn't really happening to me," or "The doctor doesn't know what he is talking about." The same feelings are often expressed by family members and friends.

Once denial ceases and the realization of impending death is acknowledged anger develops.  "Why me?" or "Why them?" in the case of the significant others.  Anger may be felt toward the doctors, toward God, toward family and friends.  Anger, though, doesn't change the person's fate.  They are still in the process of dying.  So next comes bargaining.

In bargaining, the person may become religious, trying to repent for all the sins that may be bringing about their early demise.  "If you let me live, I will be a better person, I will help mankind.  Please let me live, and I will make it worth your while."  This stage, too, will come to an end.

Now the patient, becoming aware he is helpless to prevent his impending fate, enters depression.  The patient begins to isolate himself from his surroundings.  He relinquishes his responsibilities and begins a period of self mourning.  He becomes preoccupied with the fact that his life is coming to an end.  Symptoms of depression are obvious to anyone having contact with the patient in this stage.  When the patient finally overcomes this depression he will enter the last stage, acceptance.

The patient now reaches what can be seen as an emotionally neutral stage.  He almost seems devoid of feelings.  Instead of death being viewed as a terrifying or horrible experience, he now peacefully accepts his fate.

As stated above, these stages are not only seen in the dying person but likewise in the family members mourning the loss of a loved one.  However, on careful observation we can see these same stages in people who lose anything.  It doesn't have to be the loss of a loved one.  It could be the loss of a pet, the loss of a job, and even the loss of an inanimate object.  Yes, even when a person loses her keys, she may go through the five stages of dying.

First, she denies the loss of the keys.  "Oh, I know they are around here somewhere."  She patiently looks in her pockets and through her dressers knowing any minute she will find the keys.  But soon, she begins to realize she has searched out all of the logical locations.  Now you begin to see anger.  Slamming the drawers, throwing the pillow of the couch, swearing at those darned keys for disappearing.  Then comes bargaining: "If I ever find those keys I will never misplace them again.  I will put them in a nice safe place."  It is almost like she is asking the keys to come out and assuring them she will never abuse them again.  Soon, she realizes the keys are gone.  She is depressed.  How will she ever again survive in this world without her keys?  Then, she finally accepts the fact the keys are gone.  She goes out and has a new set made.  Life goes on.  A week later the lost keys are forgotten.

What does all this have to do with why people don't quit smoking?  People who attempt to give up smoking go through these five stages.  They must successfully overcome each specific phase to deal with the next.  Some people have particular difficulty conquering a specific phase, causing them to relapse back to smoking.  Let's analyze these specific phases as encountered by the abstaining smoker.

The first question asked of the group during the smoking clinic was, "How many of you feel that you will never smoke again?"  Do you remember the underwhelming response to that question?  It is remarkable for even one or two people to raise their hands.  For the most part the entire group is in a state of denial - they will not quit smoking.  Other prevalent manifestations of denial are: "I don't want to quit smoking," or "I am perfectly healthy while smoking, so why should I stop," or "I am different, I can control my smoking at one or two a day."  These people, through their denial, set up obstacles to even attempt quitting and hence have very little chance of success.

Those who successfully overcome denial progress to anger.  We hear so many stories of how difficult it is to live with a recovering smoker.  Your friends avoid you, your employer sends you home, sometimes permanently, and you are generally no fun to be with.  Most smokers do successfully beat this stage.

Bargaining is probably the most dangerous stage in the effort to stop smoking.  "Oh boy, I could sneak this one and nobody will ever know it."  "Things are really tough today, I will just have one to help me over this problem, no more after that."  "Maybe I'll just smoke today, and quit again tomorrow."  It may be months before these people even attempt to quit again.

Depression usually follows once you successfully overcome bargaining without taking that first drag.  For the first time you start to believe you may actually quit smoking.  But instead of being overjoyed, you start to feel like you are giving up your best friend.  You remember the good times with cigarettes and disregard the detrimental effects of this dangerous and dirty habit and addiction.  At this point more than ever "one day at a time" becomes a life saver.  Because tomorrow may bring acceptance.

Once you reach the stage of acceptance, you get a true perspective of what smoking was doing to you and what not smoking can do for you.  Within two weeks the addiction is broken and, hopefully, the stages are successfully overcome and, finally, life goes on.

Life becomes much simpler, happier and more manageable as an ex-smoker.  Your self esteem is greatly boosted.  Your physical state is much better than it would ever have been if you continued to smoke.  It is a marvelous state of freedom.  Anyone can break the addiction and beat the stages.  Then all you must do to maintain this freedom is simply remember - NEVER TAKE ANOTHER PUFF!

Joel

The first letter here is in response to someone who wrote me a question regarding depression who had a past history of depression.

I take it from your post that you had been on medication for depression prior to smoking cessation. While becoming depressed upon smoking cessation is common, this depression normally subsides over time. But, when depression is a preexisting condition there are special considerations that need to be addressed. First, you may have been on a medication that initially took time to adjust, to find the right dosage for you. Now, when you quit smoking and stay on that dosage you can initially become depressed as part of the normal separation process from smoking, in a sense, feeling bad but not thinking anything is wrong. But when it doesn't subside over time you may assume that nothing can be done, its part of not smoking, you are already on an adjusted dose of depression medication and you just have to put up with it. This is a wrong assumption. Chances are even though you are on your normal dosage of medication, that dose was set while you were a smoker. This may not be the proper (normal dose) for you as an ex-smoker.

This dosing issue is not just about depression. People with many conditions may find that after cessation they must find what is normal for them. A person who is diabetic or on thyroid medications often find that the dose required as a smoker needs to be adjusted after quitting. Anyone who is on various medications that effect mood, hormonal and blood sugar levels needs to pay special attention to symptoms. Once through the first few days, and especially into the second week, if physical symptoms normally attributed to withdrawal are still manifesting, it is advisable that their doctor checks out those individuals.

I have put a few articles on the board here that I suspect you saw. There are others that I am not sure I put here or not, they were written to individuals who wrote with specific questions. While they may not apply to your specific situation, they cover a range of different depression issues. I am going to attach a string of letters here that were written to a few such individuals. If you have read part of them, keep going further down there may be more that you hadn't seen yet.

One other thing I would like to note that applies to emotions when quitting. If anyone lets emotions solely dictate actions, nobody would quit smoking. Part of the skill needed by all ex-smokers is the ability to override normal emotions, desires, impulses or urges, whatever we want to call it, the individuals wanting a cigarette or just a puff. Everyone feels it from time to time. It is going to be your intellect that is going to override the craving. That is where keeping your ammunition and focus of why you quit smoking is paramount. You have to keep remembering what smoking was doing to you making you sick and tired enough to go through initial quitting. Then you have to remember what continued smoking was capable of doing to you in the future, thoroughly capable of robbing you of your health and your life. When in emotional turmoil it is harder to keep that perspective. It is hard for everyone when in such turmoil but it is a skill that has to be honed day by day by everyone. Life will throw curves throwing people into despair. But smoking won't solve any of these curves. Smoking can cause problems that will throw your life further into despair and if left unchecked will throw your loved ones life into a premature loss of you.

Keep focused on this fact that quitting smoking is a fight for survival. It may be hard at times, but it is worth the effort. Bad times may make it harder to see this, but bad times will pass. You've experienced them before and you know they got better. Hang on to those memories that they do get better.

Again, talk to your doctor letting him or her know you have quit and have questions on the medications. Keep focused on your quit. One other thing to consider too, considering you were on medications before, you were depressed as a smoker. Never delude yourself into thinking life was always perfect before. Smoking didn't cure your depression before and it won't do it now either. For you, other medications were necessary to help with those feelings, smoking was not able to do it. Anyway, the following articles deal a little with the medication issues. Again, they may not all apply to you but kind of covers a range of reactions.

Hope this helps.

Joel

The following is another article written to a specific person who was experiencing a longer-term depression. This person was being encouraged by his or her doctor to go on an antidepressant but was resistant to the idea of needing medication.

Depression is normal in the cessation process. Almost everyone feels it to a degree, and the period of time that it lasts varies from person to person. Unlike the physical withdrawal, which is quite predictable in duration, the psychological reactions have tremendous individual variability.

I am attaching a letter here about the emotional phases of cessation. But since your reaction has been going for so long now, I would advise checking with your doctor. While quitting can be causing depression, it is possible that you do have an organic basis for depression that in a sense you were self-medicating with cigarettes for years.

If your doctor feels this is a possibility he or she may want to prescribe something for it. There are a lot of medications out there that are effective. As for safety or side effects, considering you may have been using smoking for this therapeutic purpose, a product that kills 50% of its users, the prescribed alternatives will pose minimal risks in contrast.

Or, the other hand, there may be some emotional conflicts in your life that have never been adequately addressed that are manifesting for the first time since quitting. I am attaching another letter I wrote to another person a few weeks ago that had some serious losses and was having some exaggerated reactions since quitting. I had more of a history on this person making me able to write this with some feeling that it really applied to this persons situation. I don't know if it applies to yours, but maybe in reading it you will see if it strikes a chord.

Anyway, hope this helps.

Joel

Understanding the emotional loss experienced when quitting smoking.

In her 1969 book, On Death and Dying, Elizabeth Kubler-Ross identified five distinct phases which a dying person encounters. These stages are "denial," "anger," "bargaining," "depression," and finally, "acceptance." These are the exact same stages that are felt by those mourning the loss of a loved one as well.

Denial can be recognized as the state of disbelief: "This isn't really happening to me," or "The doctor doesn't know what he is talking about." The same feelings are often expressed by family members and friends.

Once denial ceases and the realization of impending death is acknowledged anger develops. "Why me?" or "Why them?" in the case of the significant others. Anger may be felt toward the doctors, toward God, toward family and friends. Anger, though, doesn't change the person's fate. They are still in the process of dying. So next comes bargaining.

In bargaining, the person may become religious, trying to repent for all the sins that may be bringing about their early demise. "If you let me live, I will be a better person, I will help mankind. Please let me live, and I will make it worth your while." This stage, too, will come to an end.

Now the patient, becoming aware he is helpless to prevent his impending fate, enters depression. The patient begins to isolate himself from his surroundings. He relinquishes his responsibilities and begins a period of self mourning. He becomes preoccupied with the fact that his life is coming to an end. Symptoms of depression are obvious to anyone having contact with the patient in this stage. When the patient finally overcomes this depression he will enter the last stage, acceptance.

The patient now reaches what can be seen as an emotionally neutral stage. He almost seems devoid of feelings. Instead of death being viewed as a terrifying or horrible experience, he now peacefully accepts his fate.

As stated above, these stages are not only seen in the dying person but likewise in the family members mourning the loss of a loved one. However, on careful observation we can see these same stages in people who lose anything. It doesn't have to be the loss of a loved one. It could be the loss of a pet, the loss of a job, and even the loss of an inanimate object. Yes, even when a person loses her keys, she may go through the five stages of dying.

First, she denies the loss of the keys. "Oh, I know they are around here somewhere." She patiently looks in her pockets and through her dressers knowing any minute she will find the keys. But soon, she begins to realize she has searched out all of the logical locations. Now you begin to see anger. Slamming the drawers, throwing the pillow of the couch, swearing at those darned keys for disappearing. Then comes bargaining: "If I ever find those keys I will never misplace them again. I will put them in a nice safe place." It is almost like she is asking the keys to come out and assuring them she will never abuse them again. Soon, she realizes the keys are gone. She is depressed. How will she ever again survive in this world without her keys? Then, she finally accepts the fact the keys are gone. She goes out and has a new set made. Life goes on. A week later the lost keys are forgotten.

What does all this have to do with why people don't quit smoking? People who attempt to give up smoking go through these five stages. They must successfully overcome each specific phase to deal with the next. Some people have particular difficulty conquering a specific phase, causing them to relapse back to smoking. Let's analyze these specific phases as encountered by the abstaining smoker.

The first question asked of the group during the smoking clinic was, "How many of you feel that you will never smoke again?" Do you remember the underwhelming response to that question? It is remarkable for even one or two people to raise their hands. For the most part the entire group is in a state of denial-they will not quit smoking. Other prevalent manifestations of denial are: "I don't want to quit smoking," or "I am perfectly healthy while smoking, so why should I stop," or "I am different, I can control my smoking at one or two a day." These people, through their denial, set up obstacles to even attempt quitting and hence have very little chance of success.

Those who successfully overcome denial progress to anger. We hear so many stories of how difficult it is to live with a recovering smoker. Your friends avoid you, your employer sends you home, sometimes permanently, and you are generally no fun to be with. Most smokers do successfully beat this stage.

Bargaining is probably the most dangerous stage in the effort to stop smoking. "Oh boy, I could sneak this one and nobody will ever know it." "Things are really tough today, I will just have one to help me over this problem, no more after that." "Maybe I'll just smoke today, and quit again tomorrow." It may be months before these people even attempt to quit again.

Depression usually follows once you successfully overcome bargaining without taking that first drag. For the first time you start to believe you may actually quit smoking. But instead of being overjoyed, you start to feel like you are giving up your best friend. You remember the good times with cigarettes and disregard the detrimental effects of this dangerous and dirty habit and addiction. At this point more than ever "one day at a time" becomes a life saver. Because tomorrow may bring acceptance.

Once you reach the stage of acceptance, you get a true perspective of what smoking was doing to you and what not smoking can do for you. Within two weeks the addiction is broken and, hopefully, the stages are successfully overcome and, finally, life goes on.

Life becomes much simpler, happier and more manageable as an ex-smoker. Your self esteem is greatly boosted. Your physical state is much better than it would ever have been if you continued to smoke. It is a marvelous state of freedom. Anyone can break the addiction and beat the stages. Then all you must do to maintain this freedom is simply remember, NEVER TAKE ANOTHER PUFF!

The letter to the other person mentioned above.

Dealing with emotional loss has similarities to dealing with anger in regards to smoking cessation and its aftermath. When a smoker encounters a person or situation that angers them, they initially feel the frustration of the moment, making them, depending on the severity of the situation, churn in side. This effect in non-smokers or even ex-smokers is annoying to say the least. The only thing that resolves the internal conflict for a person not in the midst of an active addiction is resolution of the situation or, in the case of a situation which doesn't lend itself to a quick resolution, time to assimilate the frustration and in a sense move on. An active smoker though, facing the exact same stress has an additional complication which even though they don't recognize it, it creates real significant implications to their smoking behavior and belief structures regarding the benefit of smoking.

When a person encounters stress, it has a physiological effect causing acidification of urine. In a non-smoker or non-nicotine user, the level of urine acidity has no real perceivable effect. It is something that internally happens and they don't know it, and actually, probably don't care to know. Nicotine users are more complex. When a person maintaining any level of nicotine in their body encounters stress, the urine acidifies and this process causes nicotine to be pulled from the blood stream, not even becoming metabolized, and into the urinary bladder. This then in fact drops the brain supply of nicotine, throwing the smoker into drug withdrawal. Now they are really churning inside, not just from the initial stress, but also from the withdrawal effect itself. Interesting enough, even if the stress is resolved, the smoker generally is still not going to feel good. The withdrawal doesn't ease up by the conflict resolution, only by re-administration of nicotine, or, even better, riding out the withdrawal for 72 hours totally eradicating nicotine via excretion from the body of metabolizing it into bi-products which don't cause withdrawal. Most of the time, the active smoker more often uses the first method to alleviate withdrawal, taking another cigarette. While it calms them down for the moment, its effect is short lived, basically having to be redone ever 20 minutes to half hour for the rest of the smokers life to permanently stave off the symptoms.

Even though this is a false calming effect, since it doesn't really calm the stress, it just replaces the nicotine loss from the stress, the smoker feels it helped them deal with the conflict. It became what they viewed as an effective crutch. But the implications of that crutch are more far reaching than just making initial stress effects more severe. It effects how the person may deal with conflict and sadness in a way not real obvious, but real serious. In a way, it effects their ability to communicate and maybe even in someway, grow from the experience.

Here is simple example of what I mean. Let's say you don't like the way a significant other in your life squeezes toothpaste. If you point out the way it's a problem to you in a calm rational manner, maybe the person will change and do it a way that is not disturbing to you. By communicating your feeling you make a minor annoyance basically disappear. But now lets say you're a smoker who sees the tube of toothpaste, get a little upset, and are about to say something, again, address the problem. But wait, because you are a little annoyed, you lose nicotine, go into withdrawal, and before you are going to deal with the problem, you have to go smoke. You smoke, alleviate the withdrawal, in-fact, you feel better. At the same time, you put a little time between you and the toothpaste situation and on further evaluation, you decide its not that big of a deal, forget it. Sounds like and feels like you resolved the stress. But in fact, you didn't. You suppressed the feeling. It still there, not resolved, not communicated. Next time it happens again, you again get mad. You go into withdrawal. You have to smoke. You repeat the cycle, again not communicating and not resolving the conflict. Over and over again, maybe for years this pattern is repeated.

One day you quit smoking. You may in fact be off for weeks, maybe months. All of a sudden, one day the exact problem presents itself again, they annoying toothpaste. You don't have an automatic withdrawal kicked in pulling you away from the situation. You see it, nothing else effecting you and you blow up. If the person is within earshot, you may explode. When you look back in retrospect, you feel you have blown up inappropriately, the reaction was greatly exaggerated for the situation. You faced it hundreds of times before and nothing like this ever happened. You begin to question what happened to you to turn you into such a horrible or explosive person. Understand what happened. You are not blowing up at what just happened, you are blowing up for what has been bothering you for years and now, because of the build up of frustration, you are blowing up much more severe than you ever would have if you addressed it early on. It is like pulling a cork out of a shaken carbonated bottle, the more shaken the worse the explosion.

What smoking had done over the years was stopped you from dealing early on with feelings, making them fester and grow to a point where when the came out, it was more severe than when initially encountered. Understand something though, if you had not quit smoking, the feelings sooner or later would manifest. Either by a similar reaction as the blow up or by physical manifestations which ongoing unresolved stress has the full potential of causing. Many a relationships end because of claming up early on effectively shutting down conflict resolution by communication between partners.

As I said, anger is not the only emotion effecting urine acidity. Sadness does this too. The losses of your family members likely increased your smoking consumption at the time. By smoking you too may have suppressed numerous feelings and emotions during the losses. In a sense, not only did smoking impact your communication with others, but also maybe with yourself, coming to grips with certain feelings. In a sense, you may have interfered to some degree with your own personal growth at the time. And now, by quitting, these feeling are manifesting. While it may hurt at the time, it may be essential that these feeling are coming out. Beneficial in fact, making you face feelings in a way more constructive than smoking and suppressing them. And again, understand, if they are there deep seated all this time, if they didn't come out now, they were going to come out eventually. In what manner no one can predict. But the sooner you deal with the feelings, the less severe the reactions will generally be.

This above text doesn't resolve the feelings, it may just help you understand the possible problem. Talk with people here if that helps. Maybe there are more personal issues, you may find it more helpful to talk to a local professional, a doctor or therapist. Whatever you do and who ever you work with, understand, everyone will have greater interest in helping you than cigarettes will.

I know people who are afraid to take medications for mood disorders but will smoke in its place. No matter what drug would be prescribed for them, none of them would carry the risk that self-medicating oneself by nicotine carries. Smoking is lethal. Don't give cigarettes the legitimacy to treat feelings. They don't. They make them worse. They in effect minimize your ability to communicate and grow. Growth may hurt, but it beats carrying on unresolved feelings that slowly may deteriorate the quality of your life.

Hope this helps explain why it hurts so much but also helps you to understand why it is still so important not to smoke.

Will talk to you again soon.

Joel

The one true step that people are doing here to control their stress is getting rid of a product that should cause any thinking person a lot of worry and to stop the vicious cycle of drug feeding and drug withdrawal by always knowing now to never take another puff!

Joel

In the illustration above you can see on the left how a non-smokers reacts to stress. Without it they are happy and comfortable, when encountering stress they lose this comfort and depending on its severity they can get either mildly annoyed or really upset. The resolution of the stress will normally bring the non-smoker back to the original state of comfort, after a little time of cooling down of course.

Smokers are much more complex. Stress has an affect on all people--it makes the urine acidic. Both smokers and non-smokers experience this phenomena. In non-smoker smokers, the urine acidity has no real visible or perceivable effects--smokers are much more complicated. After the initial stress a smoker will feel like a non-smoker encountering stress, for a few seconds. But then the delineation occurs, the smoker's nicotine level depletes because of the urine acidity induced by the stress, and the smoker is kicked into a drug withdrawal state. The smoker has four ways to deal with the situation now.

First, the smoker can just smoke a cigarette. Well low and behold if the smoker does this he or she will feel "better." He or she will not feel good; he or she just won't be feeling withdrawal for the moment but still be feeling the initial stress. In essence, he or she will feel like a non-smoker under stress, not great, but not in withdrawal either.

The second way a smoker can handle the stress is to solve it and also smoke a cigarette. This results in one happy smoker. No stress now and no withdrawal, life is good at the moment. The feeling of bliss is basically the same feeling a non-smoker has who resolves his or her stress.

But then there are the other two scenarios. The smoker can solve the problem but not smoke. Here is the kicker here, the problem is resolved but the smoker is still in withdrawal, the nicotine level has dropped and problem resolution has no way to stop the nicotine depletion, only a cigarette can do that.

The worst of all situations is the smoker who cannot solve the problem and also cannot smoke a cigarette. This is a miserable situation to ever be in. You normally don't want to be around a smoker in this situation let alone being one yourself. Many smokers find themselves facing this dilemma daily since many jobs and social settings do not allow smoking yet constantly force the smoker to face stresses.

When you quit smoking these last four reactions to stress become a thing of the past. You still face stress, but you no longer have to face drug withdrawals induced by it. In essence you deal with stress in a totally different way when you don't have chronic drug withdrawals exaggerating it.

To stay in the position of being able to handle stresses with greater clarity and minimal discomfort always know that no matter what the stress, to avoid it having any long lasting and life threatening complications always remember to never take another puff!

Joel

"My husband can't stand it when I smoke - that is why I quit."  "My wife is trying to quit, so I will stop just to support her."  "My kids get sick when I smoke in front of them.  They cough, sneeze, and nag me to death.  I quit for them."  "My doctor told me not to smoke as long as I am his patient, so I quit to get him off my back."  "I quit for my dog."

All these people may have given up smoking, but they have done it for the wrong reason.  While they may have gotten through the initial withdrawal process, if they don't change their primary motivation for abstaining from smoking, they will inevitably relapse.  Contrary to popular belief, the important measure of success in smoking cessation is not getting off of cigarettes, but rather the ability to stay off.

A smoker may quit temporarily for the sake of a significant other, but he will feel as if he is depriving himself of something he truly wants.  This feeling of deprivation will ultimately cause him to return to smoking.  All that has to happen is for the person who he quit for to do something wrong, or just disappoint him.  His response will be, "I deprived myself of my cigarettes for you and look how you pay me back!  I'll show you, I will take a cigarette!"  He will show them nothing.  He is the one who will return to smoking and suffer the consequences. He will either smoke until it kills him or have to quit again.  Neither alternative will be pleasant.

It is imperative for him to come to the realization that the primary benefactor in his giving up smoking is himself.  True, his family and friends will benefit, but he will feel happier, healthier, calmer and in control of his life.  This results in pride and a greatly improved self-esteem.  Instead of feeling deprived of cigarettes, he will feel good about himself and appreciative to have been able to break free from such a dirty, deadly, powerful addiction.

So, always keep in mind that you quit smoking for you.  Even if no one else offers praise or encouragement, pat yourself on the back for taking such good care of yourself.  Realize how good you are to yourself for having broken free from such a destructive addiction.  Be proud and remember - NEVER TAKE ANOTHER PUFF!

• Message 2 & Message 3   Quitting during pregnancy sometimes seeming absurdly easy  (Joel)
• Message 7 Postpartum return to smoking among usual smokers who quit during pregnancy (2001 study)
• Message 8, Message 11    NRT during pregnancy (Joel)
• Message 13  Smoking, Sex and Reproduction (ASH Fact Sheet)
• Message 17 Mothers who smoke may be hearing from colicky babies (2001 news article)
• Message 18  Prenatal Nicotine Exposure Evokes Alterations of Cell Structure in Hippocampus and Somatosensory Cortex (2002 study)
• Message 24  Nicotinic receptor expression following nicotine exposure via maternal milk (2002 study)
• Message 25 Fetal Nicotine Exposure Tied to Breathing Problems (2002 news article)
• Message 26  Altered Breathing Pattern after Prenatal Nicotine Exposure in the Young Lamb (2002 study)
• Message 27   Smoking Moms Boost Unborn Babies' Autism Risk (2002 news article)
• Message 28  When Moms Smoke, Certain Kids Are More Vulnerable to Respiratory Disease; Children With Key Common Genetic Variation Are More Susceptible to Asthma and Other Breathing Problems If Exposed to Tobacco in Womb (2002 news article)
• Message 30 Study Suggests Why Cigarette Smoke a SIDS Risk (2002 news article)
• Message 36   Joel discussing how quitting for the fetus or baby is not quitting for you.
• Message 37  Joel discussing post-partum relapse
• Message 38  Dangers of smoking while pregnant need to be emphasized by health care providers (2002 article)
• Message 39  A reexamination of smoking before, during, and after pregnacy (2002 study)
• Message 42  Many Women Return to Smoking After Pregnancy (2003 article)
• Message 47 Study: Smoking During Pregnancy Impairs Fetal Development (2003 article)
• Message 54 SIDS prevention--good progress, but now we need to focus on avoiding nicotine (2004 study)