Green Witches are called green primarily due to their affiliation and sensitivity to plants, and their intuitive, as well as hard won, knowledge of the healing powers of herbs. Many Green Witches have an acute knowledge, sensitivity and intuition with plants and their spirits.

It is not uncommon for a Green Witch to speak to plants and have them speak back to her. Most who follow the green path are also well versed in folkways, old wives tales, superstitions, as well as basic charms and some of the trappings of modern witchcraft. For the Green Witch it is unnecessary to know the patterns of those who came before to know what feels right. Because the Green Witch sees that she or he is connected to the Divine as One, he or she does not tend to look to detailed instructions for his or her approach to the Divine and therefore, knows that the appropriateness of ritual and timing come from within. The Green Witch “performs only those rituals that appeal to the individual point of focus, being as elaborate or as plain as the mood dictates. With many people who practice a natural Witchcraft, there is a sense of cheerful anarchy, along with profound belonging, for the Witch is not a steward of the earth, the Witch is the earth.�?(Moura, Ann.1996)

By being a part of the earth, Green Witches see themselves as both pantheistic and animistic. To the Green Witch all objects in nature have spirit and the Green Witch knows that there are many spirits and forms of deity all around. Although many modern followers of the green path will come together for rituals as need and desire dictate, Green Witches are typically thought of as solitary in nature. Tools of the trade for the green level witch are not flashy, they are most often common items normally found in nature. Tools can include sticks, rocks, feathers, herbs, flowers, nuts, whatever calls to the practitioner as being appropriate will suffice. “Green�? for those who practice on this path, simply refers to the natural, the elements that can be found in “herbal, natural, traditional or family traditional Witchcraft, it has great flexibility and variety…The key to the Green facet of Witchcraft is to be attuned to nature and the natural forces surrounding you.�?(Moura, Ann, 1996).

Green festivals tend to center around the equinoxes and solstices, as well as Samhain. Mabon and Litha are often not as widely celebrated among Green Witches since they are relatively modern observances. Most Green Witches are, among other things, skilled in herbalism, herb lore and natural healing, counseling, folk traditions and often embrace fairies and small other creatures of nature.

In early times those who were skilled in the art of healing learned from their cradle. Future healers learned by watching, helping and asking questions. Traditions such as these were passed down through the generations like many other skills. Much of our traditional knowledge and wisdom has been eradicated by religious and political fervor. Many, if not all of those accused of witchcraft in Europe did not belong to covens or have High Priests or Priestesses leading them. Scotland is the only country to have any such claims of “witches�?working together in groups (Green, Marian, 1991).

In New England she was called “goodwife�? in Virginia they called her “granny�?(Rago, Linda, 1995). Speculatively speaking, since little was recorded, in early times the village wise woman was most often the midwife, the layer out of the dead, the healer of the sick. She had the power to bring forth life, heal those who became ill and to eventually send life on its farewell journey. The wise woman’s skills would have been shared by what has been called the “cunning man�? He most likely held veterinary skills rather than child birthing skills, but was also most likely  well versed in the powers of plants like his female counterpart (Green, Marian, 1991). Herbs have held an important place in healing as well as religious ceremonies since ancient times. “Green herbs guided them through birth, life and death:�?(Rago, Linda 1995). Because of these skills and what seemed like “power�? and because the healers held knowledge of both healing, life giving herbs as well as those that bring death and sickness, the healer was above all else, feared as well (Green, Marian, 1991). Although monks and nuns in Northern Europe had attended herb gardens themselves and held knowledge side by side with the wise women for many centuries, attempts were made to Christianize plant knowledge and uses. Eventually the Church, “made a zealous effort to obliterate these ancient doctrines that honored the spirit of the earth. Later, the changes wrought by the 18^th century mechanistic, view of the world, closely followed by the Industrial Revolution, caused these herbal traditions to be all but lost.�?(Rago, Linda, 1995).

During the Middle Ages the Church was not only envious of this knowledge, but also saw it as an affront to God, since only God and those ordained in His name should have these skills and powers. However, the common folk would trust the village healer, to whom they had trusted themselves for centuries, than go to the monks or the nuns (Green, Marian, 1991).

In Europe, toward the end of the Middle Ages, was a time of tremendous upheaval, economically, scientifically, politically and in the religious arena.  Overcrowded villages and cities, crop failures, war, sickness and unsanitary conditions only heightened the anxiety which was felt at the time. Generally, during this time it was primarily the women and quite often the village healers who comforted and attended to the sick, offered up advice and counseling as well as worked in the dealings of the old folkways, superstitions and charms, in keeping with the traditions of the countryside where she worked most prevalently (Soule, Deb, 1995). As is well known by many, both on and off the pagan path, the book Malleus Maleficarum was published in 1484 by two Dominican priests. The book was used as a “how-to guide�?for the trying, torturing and execution “witches�? Many jobs were created and much money was exchanged for the express purpose of the disposing of these “witches�?and eradicating other heretics. Many have speculated, but it is not known how many men, women and children were tortured and killed for these “crimes�? The witch hunts, or “Women’s Holocaust�?as some have called it, gradually ended with the advent of scientific advances, and the Industrial Revolution, but not before almost completely wiping out a tradition, a gender, and many centuries of learning and wisdom (Soule, Deb, 1995). It is speculative at best as to whether or not the majority of those who were accused were what we think of as witches today or if they even practiced any form of Paganism. Perhaps these women and men were in touch with ancient folkways that were never completely subverted by the Church, folkways that survive to an extent today. One thing we do know is the healers who were executed during this time took with them countless centuries of healing knowledge.

There are many theories about why the herbalist/wise woman was targeted during the Burning Times and why women healers in general were treated with such disdain. The most popular theory is simply misogynist. Many unsuccessful physicians of the time “blame all sickness which they are unable to cure or which they have treated wrongly, on witchery.�?(Brooke, Elizabeth, 1997).

By the sixteenth century an “exclusively male medical profession was trying to establish a monopoly. What could have been more irritating than to have competition from barely literate women, who seemed to have a “natural gift for healing?�?(Brooke, Elisabeth, 1997).

A very early example of this thinking is the case of Jacoba Felice. She was brought to the courts in Paris in 1322 and was charged with illegally practicing medicine. It was said Ms. Felice “visited the sick folk, laboring under severe illness in Paris and the suburbs, examining their urine, touching, feeling and holding their pulses, body and limbs�?(Brooke, Elisabeth, 1997). 

Jacoba was a famous practitioner and she brought forth many of her former patients to testify on her behalf. In her testimony, she is quoted as saying:

“It is better and more seemly that a wise woman learned in the art should visit the sick woman and inquire into the secrets of her nature and her hidden parts, than a man should do so, of whom it is not lawful to see and to seek out the aforesaid parts, not to feel with his hands, the breasts, belly and feet of women. And a woman before now would allow herself to die, rather than reveal the secrets of her infirmities to a man.�?(Brooke, Elisabeth, 1997).

Despite overwhelming evidence in her favor Ms. Felice was found guilty and excommunicated. The court records state: “Her plea that she cured many sick persons whom the aforesaid masters could not cure, ought not to stand and is frivolous, since it is certain that a man approved in the aforesaid art could cure the sick better than any woman.�?(Brooke, Elisabeth, 1997).

The beginning of the 15^th century marks the beginning of the Church’s battle and propaganda against the wise woman (Rago, Linda, 1995). Stories abound about women healers and their subsequent mistreatment or execution. In another case, Margaret Jones of Charleston, Massachusetts, was a “cunning woman who also performed midwifery and had a reputation for being able to foretell the future. She was tried and executed on June 15, 1648.�?(Brooke, Elisabeth, 1997).

At around this same time in Scotland, minister William Perkins is quoted as saying about women healers, “[the] good witch was more a monster than the bad.�?He claimed that the “blessing witch�?(she who healed), although she did no actual harm and did “much good�? was to be censured because “he [sic] hath renounced God…and hath bound himself by other laws to the service of the enemies of God and his church, death is his portion.�?(Brooke, Elisabeth, 1997). 

Often the accusers were not above using the “witch’s�?services and skills. Alison Peirson of Byrehill Scotland was a renowned and skillful healer in her village. Because his sickness did not respond to the cures and medicines of orthodox medicine of the time, the Archbishop of St. Andrews called for her. Many believed the Archbishop’s illnesses were more “psychosomatic�?than anything else. Ms. Peirson, however, cured him. ”Not only did the clergyman refuse to pay her bill, but he had her arrested and executed for witchcraft.�?(Brooke, Elisabeth, 1997).

One last example is Gilly Duncan, a young servant girl of Edinburgh. Miss Duncan had a reputation as a healer. It is said people traveled from near and far to consult with her and to be healed by her. Miss Duncan’s master, David Seaton, after hearing of her reputation and skills, thought her to be of the devil and evil. He applied torture to her with the thumbscrews and jerking her head with a rope until she “confessed�?that she was a witch, he then handed her over to the authorities who tortured her more. Upon her “confession�?with the authorities she revealed “accomplices�?who became known as the “Witches of North Berwick�?and were hanged in 1592 (Brooke, Elizabeth, 1997).

The Protestant church was even sterner in dealing with women healers than the Catholic. After the Reformation the numbers of women accused of witchcraft rose significantly. Not only is this a testament of how difficult the times were and the act of scapegoating being used extensively, it also speaks to the stern position the Protestants had towards women and women healers. There is no evidence to suggest that any of these women and men practiced any form of paganism or what is considered witchcraft by modern standards, but as country people they would have known the folk ways, the old traditions and the “old wives tales�? Because they had the power to harm or heal through herbs and old charms, herb lore and spells, many considered village healers witches. Orthodox medicine of the time, much like that of today, often caused more harm than good. Chemicals and elements such as mercury would disfigure the patient if it didn’t kill him or her first. Most people feared the orthodox doctor’s medicines and would rely on the village healer for gently and effectively healing the sick, bringing in new life and laying out the dead. The emerging medical establishment as well as the Church felt threatened by this knowledge and the loyalty of the common people to them. The village wise woman or cunning man was honored yet feared for their knowledge, a knowledge that was often essential to life and death.

Through this heritage of the wise woman we gain the Green Witch of today. Green witches of our time can hearken back to the times of the village wise woman in their acute sense of healing, their intuitive and learned knowledge of plants, their feeling of unity with the earth, and their attraction to the simpler spells, charms and rituals. Green witchcraft is flexible and can be overlaid with elements of other more dramatic or complicated systems of witchcraft. Most who are drawn to the green path however, prefer a simpler more rustic style to their religion and their life. Green witches typically cultivate some sort of garden as well, be it an elaborate or simple pot garden. Herb lore, superstitions, and knowledge of herbal healing are part and parcel to the modern as well as older green path. Knowledge of the green path is still handed down. Some of this knowledge is still shared through families, albeit fragmentary and often overlain with Christian themes. Still others have a keen sense of where their path lies and must seek it out themselves through books, trial and error as well as from willing teachers and hands on experience. The green path is rich in history but flexible in its traditions. “The verbal lore of the wisewoman teaches us how to love and revere the earth, how to respond to her magic and return in some measure the blessing and healing that we receive from her�?Many will instinctively feel the truth of this, having loved the scents of the wholesome brown soil and felt the life and mystery, even the beating heart, in stones and rocks and precious jewels�?(Nahmad,Claire,1994). The wise woman has made an indelible mark on our history through out cultures and time and will continue to do so in her more modern form of the Green Witch.