DISTILLING OIL
The most important production method for Essential oils is distillation.
The basic principle of distillation is the same but it is carried out in different ways
depending on the botanical material and the condition of the material.
Three types of distillation are used:
1. Water
2. Water and steam
3. Direct steam
Distillation is basically, producing steam. The steam is passed through the herbal material.
The steam carries the Essential oil from the plant in suspension which means the droplets of
essential oils are not dissolved in the steam but remain separate as droplets of oil.
When the steam is cooled it reverts to the liquid state which is water and in most cases the
oil floats on the surface of the water. The oil is then separated from the water by dripping or pouring.
1. Water distillation is used when the plant material has been dried and will not be damaged by boiling.
It is also used for powdered materials such as powdered almond, and flowers, such as orange
and rose, that need to float freely as they tend to lump together when just steam is passed
through them. The material comes into direct contact with the boiling water and much care
needs to be taken that the water does not boil away and cause the plant material to burn.
Another example of an oil prepared by this method is turpentine gum. Turpentine gum is
collected from a species of Pine (Pinus palustris) and the gum, wood chips and pine needles
are placed in the distilling chamber with rain water. This mixture is heated until the plant
and oil are condensed in the condensing chamber. Turpentine oil is not affected by very excessive heat.
2. The second method of distillation is water and steam.
This is used for either fresh or dried plant material that would be damaged by boiling.
The plant material is supported on a perforated grid.
The water level is below the grid and low pressure, wet steam passes through the plant material.
The most important aspect of this method is that the steam is never really hot and always at low
pressure. Cinnamon and clove oils are prepared by this method.
3. Direct steam distillation is similar to the second method but the steam is hotter and passed
through the plant material at a higher pressure. This method is used for fresh plant material
that has a high boiling point such as seeds, roots and wood. It is also used for fresh plant
material such as peppermint and spearmint.
The crop is cut and placed in a metal distilling tank on a truck.
Steam is forced through the fresh herbs and the oil droplets are carried by the steam
through a vapor pipe at the top of the tank onto a cool condensing chamber.
Cold Pressing or Expression:
This method is mainly used to prepare citrus oils such as orange, lemon and tangerine.
One method involves puncturing the oil glands by rolling the fruit over sharp projections that
actually pierce the oil glands. The fruit is then pressed which removes the oil from the glands.
It is then washed off with a fine spray of water. The juice is extracted by another tube.
The oil is then separated from the water by rotating it at a very high speed.
Another method involves separating the peel from the fruits and then cold pressing them.
The Essential oil is collected along with small amounts of juice, which is separated.
Enfleurage:
This is an old method which was used in the production of perfumes and pomade extracts for perfumery.
Flower petals such as rose or jasmine are layered onto warm oils, cold fat or wax.
This process is repeated each day until the base is saturated with the Essential oil.
The resulting waxes or pastes contain up to 1 percent of Essential oil.
The Essential oil is then extracted from the wax with a volatile liquid such as ethyl alcohol.
In the final step the ethyl alcohol is evaporated at low temperatures and reduced
pressure so that the pure Essential oil remains as a fairly thick liquid. Cold enfleurage has
the advantage that even the most delicate components of the flower oils are preserved.
The disadvantages are that it is not very effective and it is very expensive.
Flower oils prepared with this method do not contain terpene-hydrocarbons, which indicates
that these compounds are not present as such in the flower, but form during distillation.
Solvent Extraction
This is the most widely used modern method to prepare oils from flowers.
The petals are mixed into a volatile solvent such as petroleum, ether or benzene,
until the Essential oil is completely dissolved in the solvent. The solution is then filtered
and the solvent is evaporated at reduced pressure. The result of solvent extraction is a concrete.
The solvent is removed from the concrete by vacuum pressure without the use of heat to avoid
any harmful effect to the oil. The concentrated essence that results is called an absolute.
Absolutes are highly concentrated flower products without the natural waxes.
The main advantage of extraction over distillation is that uniform temperatures are maintained
throughout the process. High temperatures during the distillation process can produce altered
chemical composition of the oil which alters the natural odor. However, this method is expensive
compared to distillation, and chemicals or solvents used in the process may still be present after evaporation.
'Glycerin will extract the following - sugars, enzymes (dilute), glucosides, bitter compounds,
saponins (dilute), and tannins. Absolute alcohol will extract the following - alkaloids (some),
glycosides, volatile oils, waxes, resins, fats, some tannins, balsam, sugars, and vitamins.'
you would use the solvent that will give you the healing properties that you need out of
the plant. And for those that don't like the alcohol taste, or bite, the tincture can be mixed
in hot water and left for a few minutes to evaporate most of the alcohol off.
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