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An examination of the United States - and others - and their role in the attempted genocide of the American Indians from 1492 until present day
by Terri Jean

"We are almost surrounded by the whites... and it seems to be their intention to destroy us as a people."
~ Dragging Conoe ~ Cherokee, 1776

When most folks think of GENOCIDE, the atrocities of Hitler and his entourage immediately spring to mind. But if I were to say that the United States government and its founding "fathers" also participated in mass genocidal assaults that equaled the sinister political agenda of the infamous Nazi tyrant, most Americans would not only call me a bold-faced liar, but would also want to string me up for treason as well.

When I liken Christopher Columbus or President Andrew Jackson to a deviant like Hitler, I am told the comparison is not only
preposterous - it is also blasphemous. Afterall, Hitler was the worlds foremost villain - and America is the land of the free and the home of the brave.

I can understand the startled reaction of those people not exposed to historical truths pertaining to American Indian culture, people, history and issues. For most, they would never suspect their
government of purposely denying Native people of their rights, liberties, life and land. We're taught that land was legally
taken via lawful treaties, and that Indian Wars were brought upon the innocent homesteaders by savage Indians out to stop the civilized settlement of the west. I mean, no one wants to believe that the land
they now sit upon was stolen... or that innocent men, women and children were murdered in order to acquire it. Right?

Truth is, not only did the American people and government participate in genocide, they also reveled in it and pushed it full force.
America is no better than Hitler; our beloved country has committed the exact same crimes, nearly in the exact same fashion. The only difference is, Hitler's atrocities spanned just over a decade while ours spans half a millennium. That, and, the United States is better at propaganda and cover-up than the others.

"The bigger the lie, the greater the
likelihood that it will be believed."
~ Adolf Hitler ~

I recently watched the movie, Neurmberg, based on the 1940's trial of Nazi War criminals, and was struck by the ironic words of Justice Jackson, of the United States, who said "The privilege of opening the first trial in history for crimes against the peace of the world imposes a grave responsibility. The wrongs which we seek to condemn and punish have been so calculated, so malignant, and so devastating, that civilization cannot tolerate their being ignored, because it cannot survive their being repeated... The common sense of mankind demands that law shall not stop with the punishment of petty
crimes by little people. It must also reach men who possess themselves of great power and make deliberate and concerted use of it
to set in motion evils which leave no home in the world untouched..."

When describing the men on trial, Mr. Jackson states "...these prisoners represent sinister influences that will lurk in the world long after their bodies have returned to dust. We will show them to be living symbols of racial hatreds, of terrorism and violence, and of the arrogance and cruelty of power. They are symbols of fierce nationalism and of militarism, of intrigue and war-making which have embroiled Europe generation after generation, crushing its manhood, destroying its homes, and impoverishing its life. They have so
identified themselves with the philosophies they conceived and with the forces they directed that any tenderness to them is a victory and an encouragement to all the evils which are attached to their names.
Civilization can afford no compromise with the social forces which would gain renewed strength if we deal ambiguously or indecisively with the men in whom those forces now precariously survive."

At no time was it mentioned that Hitler himself admitted to admiring the American government for their removal of American Indians - or that his Master Race objective was similar to the Manifest Destiny declaration of the United States in the 1800's. Both groups carted off the "unwanted" to holding centers so unfit and
unsanitary that many lost their lives to exposure, disease, and starvation. Both thought the removal was just, that neither group deserved rights or liberties, and that their death was not only lawful - it was also necessary.

"To claim that the Holocaust was unique can only imply that attempts to annihilate other national or cultural groups are not to be considered genocide, thus diminishing the gravity and moral implications of any
genocide anywhere, any time. It also implies that the Jews have a monopoly on genocide, that no matter what misfortune befalls another people, it cannot be as serious or even in the same category as the Holocaust."

~ Pierre Papazian ~ "A `Unique Uniqueness'?"

We all know there are people who disbelieve the German Holocaust, which is an inconceivable ideology to most, yet a vast majority of those stunned refuse to believe those same atrocities were present in their own country. They are quick to believe one... but blind to the other. Yet the Native people of the American continents have reason to accuse the United States, and others, of genocide. Here is a brief
examination of the crimes against humanity committed by the United States, Christopher Columbus and others.

First and Foremost: What is Genocide?

Genocide is a Latin word meaning - genos(race) cide (killing) - literally translates into "the killing of a race."
Webster's New World Dictionary defines genocide as "the systematic killing of a whole or nation." The United Nations General Assembly defines genocide as "... a denial of the right of existence of entire human groups."
According to the UN, there are 5 acts that constitute genocide:

Killing members of the group;
Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of group;
Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

Fact: It is estimated that prior to European contact in 1492, the Americas (North and South) were populated by roughly 145,000,000 people. By the end of the 1800's, 95% of the population had been killed; or 9 out of every 10.

"Indian-hating still exists; and, no doubt, will continue to exist, so long as Indians do."
~ Herman Melville ~ 1857

Methods of Genocidal Madness

The following is a list of acts perpetrated upon indigenous people of the American continents. This is not, in any way, a full list, nor are the charges given a lengthy, and deservedly so, extensive explanation. It is a mere roster of known acts, events and atrocities committed by the European race against the Native race for political,
social and monetary gain. Each represent an aspect of genocide I have included resources at the end of this column for your own research on these subjects.

"If my people are wiped out you must destroy all photographs of us, because future generations will look at our photographs and be too ashamed at such a crime against humanity."
~ Davi Yanomami ~ Yanomami, 1990

* STERILIZATION - In the mid-70's, illegal sterilization of Native American women were performed usually after childbirth and
often without proper consent. Common Sense magazine reported that the Indian Health Services sterilized about 3,000 women per year.

* There is evidence to suggest that DISEASES were deliberately introduced to Native populations by a variety of sources, including blankets. In 1763, Lord Jeffrey Amherst suggests to Colonel Henry Bouquet that blankets infected with smallpox be given to the Lanape and Ottawa people, "You will do well to [infect] the Indians by
means of blankets as well as to try every other method that can serve to extirpate this [execrable] race." Evidence is also available that shows the Native people were purposely weakened so the diseases could
easily infiltrate their communities.

* Unprovoked MASSACRES - The list of unprovoked slaughter of innocent Native people by both soldiers and civilians is extensive. Here's a small sampling of the atrocities:

* Sand Creek (200+ killed)
* Bear River (up to 400)
* Slaughter of the Innocents in 1643
* Indian Island Massacre (over 100 killed)
* Puritans burn over 700 Pequot Indians alive in 1637
* Over 300 die at Wounded Knee
* Battle of Washita - over 103 sleeping Cheyenne men, women and children are killed
* 144 defensiveness Aravaipa Apache Indians are raped, beaten, murdered and mutilated by an angry mob in Arizona. "One infant of
some ten months was shot twice and one leg nearly hacked off" said by Lieutenant Royal E Whitman, describing the brutal massacre.
28 of the remaining children were confiscated and sold into slavery.
* March 8, 1782, 90 innocent Christian Indians were erroneously blamed for various crimes and then sentenced to death. The following morning, the Indians were led out in pairs and murdered by blows to their heads with copper mallets - in front of white settlers. 39 of the victims were children. Later, their scalps were removed and held as trophies.

"You will... use all means to pursade any tribe to come in for the purpose of making peace, and when you get them together kill all the grown Indians and take the children... sell them as slaves to defray the cost..."
- Confederate Governor John R. Baylor, 1862

* MASS EXECUTIONS - The largest mass executions held in American history were of Native people.
In 1862 Santee Sioux attempted to collect their promised payment and rations from US government officials. Agents denied both,
even though their food was stored in a warehouse at the Agency.Though the soldiers and local townspeople were aware of the peoples dire straits and near starvation, they took no effort to release the food that was rightfully - and legally - theirs. In August Andrew Myrick, an agency trader and store-owner, knew of the desolate condition of the Native people, yet callously replied, "So far as I am concerned, if they are hungry let them eat grass!"
Within days the Santee Sioux could tolerate no more ill treatment. On August 18th the Sioux Uprising began. Little Crow lead the revolt and approximately a thousand settlers died during raids and killings, including Myrick who would later be found dead in his
store with grass shoved into his mouth. By 1864 the Sioux Uprising would end with nearly 90% of the Santee either imprisoned or dead. Several hundred would later be charged in the killings, leading to the
largest mass execution in US history.

* FORCED REMOVAL from HOMELANDS - Indigenous people were taken from their homeland, their burial grounds, and their hunting/farming
grounds and forced to relocate to a place completely foreign to them.
Nearly 3 billion acres of land were stolen and thousands upon thousands of people died during the journey from disease, exhaustion, illness, childbirth, old age, and starvation. Some soldiers shot women in labor, children or the elderly who were straggling behind. And once the weary POW's made it to their final destination, they
were often met with even worse conditions than those endured during the trek.

"Tell your people that since the Great Father promised we should never be removed, we have been moved five times. I think you had better put the Indians on wheels so that you can run them about wherever you wish."
~ Anonymous Chief ~ (1876)

BOUNTIES - Whites hungry for money hunted and scalped Indian men, women and children - collecting monetary payment for their scalps. On February 20, 1725 the first written account of scalping was recorded.
Captain Lovewell and his men were to be given 100 pounds per piece. Lovewell set to murder a group of innocent Natives who, unfortunately for him, killed him instead.
And the first woman to be honored with a monument in her name was Hanna Duston, also known as the `Hatchet Lady' due to her
mutilating acts that also allowed her to collect a good sum of money from the scalps of men, women and children.

* FORCED ASSIMILATION - Native Americans were denied their cultural history, traditions, religion and tribal communities - all in the name of "civilizing" them. To this day, assimilation is still being thrusted upon the Native people in a variety of ways that should be addressed in a later column.

"When the white man stops insisting that the Indian adhere to his ways and allows us to live as Indians, the Indian problem will be solved."
~John Stevens~, Passamaquoddy Tribal Governor

* Even CHILDREN were considered disposable. Colonel John M.Chivington echoed the military philosophy of murdering children when he said, "Kill and scalp all, little and big... Nits make lice."

And on November 8, 1978, Congress passed the Indian Child Welfare Act. Prior to this act, the US government would routinely take children from their parents and community and place them with non-Native families for fostercare or forced adoption. By 1978, as
many as 35 percent of Indian children were living apart from their parents.

* TREATIES promising sovereignty, land, money, food, and peace were all created by the United States - and then broken by the United States. George Gilmer, Governor of Georgia, said in 1830 "Treaties were expedients by which ignorant, intractable, andsavage people were induced... to yield up what civilized people had the right to possess."
Treaties were often signed only via threats, manipulation and coercion. On August 15, 1876, Congress enacted the "Starve or
Sell" act denying provisions (such as food) to hungry Sioux Indians guaranteed the rations in an 1868 Treaty. They were forced to sign away their sacred Black Hills in return for the provisions already guaranteed to them.
Another point to remember is that the American government not only started the treaty-making process, they also abruptly ended it. Once they no longer needed the American Indians land, they passed a
policy stating that all treaties were invalid; the Native people had no choice or legal representation.

* LAWS were enacted to force the Native people to either confirm to the whites ideal, or to force them off their land and out of their communities. Laws such as: Native men could not testify against a
white man, allowed for many criminal acts to be perpetrated upon the Indian community, with no remedy for legal recourse; or that they had to keep their hair a certain length (though tribal customs were to keep hair long.)
On April 23, 1904, Congress passed the Practice of Medicine and Surgery in Indian Territory Act which eliminated traditional
medicinal practices and only allowed registered physicians and surgeons to treat Native patients. Herbal medicine, "Medicine
Men" and "Medicine Women" were outlawed - though "qualified" practitioners were few and far between.

* BOARDING SCHOOLS - Over 12,000 Indian children as young as 4 were taken from their parents and placed in boarding schools where their Indian names were replaced with `American' names, their religion
replaced with Christianity, their native languages forbidden, and punishment was often harsh and, some claim, deadly. Cut off from parents and tribal members for most of their childhood, these children were taught to conform to "white" rules and acts of civility.
On November 17, 1989, the United States Senate released an investigative report admitting that children at the mandatory
boarding school were often abused and/or sexually molested by their instructors.

* On November 28, 1884, US News & World Report magazine named the Bureau of Indian Affairs "The Worst Federal Agency" in
America. By 1997 the BIA admitted to "MISSING" several BILLION dollars
supposedly held in trust for Native Americans - money desperately needed.
(Note: Native Americans live in humiliating poverty far below any other racial group.)

* The withholding and displaying of Native people's REMAINS. In 1986 it was estimated that over one million Indian skeletal remains were held in private collections, universities and museums. Finally, in the 1990's, the US government honored sacred burial traditions by allowing family members to collect and bury their relatives.

* RACIST LANGUAGE - Even today, racist language is spoken against the Native people. "Indian Summer" means false summer,
"Squaw" is considered vulgar, and "Redskin" - an extremely degrading word similar to "nigger" - is the name of a sports team.
On February 26, 2001, a House Committee in Boise, Idaho, dismissed a plan to remove the word "squaw" from the nearly 100 places
that carry it. One representative, knowing that the Native people in his community are deeply offended and insulted by the words use, said "Just because people take is as offensive doesn't make it offensive."
It was also noted that it was too costly for the businesses to change their name.

* STEREOTYPING - Thousands of movies, books, plays, textbooks and songs falsely stereotype the Native peoples culture, history, ceremonies, spirituality and character. Textbooks report "savage" and
"wild" Indian men hunting the virgin land, killing innocent settlers just trying to care for their families (though most were on land known to belong to the Indians.) Until the 1970's, cowboy and Indian movies
continued this falsehood, when, abruptly, the American cinema changed direction and suddenly romanticized the honorable and nature-oriented, spiritual Indian. To this day, few movies correctly depict Native
culture, people and issues, and there are no Indian-based television shows (other than documentaries) being nationally broadcasted.

"He is ignoble--base and treacherous, and hateful in every way. Not even imminent death can startle him into a spasm of virtue. The ruling trait of all savages is a greedy and consuming selfishness, and in our Noble Red Man it is found in its amplest
development."
~ Mark Twain ~ "The Noble Red Man" (1870)

* DENIAL of CULTURE - the American government determines who is and who is not an Indian. They have a set guideline that must be met in order to say a Native person is truly a Native person. American Indians are the ONLY US group forced to prove their ethnic heritage - and to be denied the right to call themselves who they are.

* ELIMINATE LIVELIHOOD - Buffalo were deliberately killed, hunting grounds handed over to non-Natives, and fishing rights retracted. Starving people starve were forced to search for alternative food
sources, or to wait for US troops to bring food to them. In a letter to the Oregon Office of Indian Affairs, June 7,
1862, an agent reports "I regret very much to inform you that the management of said Agency is far from being satisfactory to this office. I found a large portion of the Indians subsisting on potatoes, which had remained in the ground during the entire winter, and were frozen, rotten and loathsome."

You have driven away our game and our means of livelihood out of the country, until now we have nothing left that is valuable except the hills that you ask us to give up... The earth is full of minerals of all kinds, and on the earth the ground is covered with forests of heavy pine, and when we give these up to the Great Father we know that
we give up the last thing that is valuable either to us or the white people."
~ White Ghost ~

* Incorrectly re-telling HISTORY to benefit the white, "courageous" and "patriotic" invaders is an effective method of propaganda and brainwashing. The United States consistently lied about the Native
peoples character, actions and intentions - all the while building themselves up and justifying their atrocious acts. Painting them as uncivilized, godless wildmen was an prevailing theme throughout most history books, textbooks, movies, and newspaper accounts. Yellow Wolf, Nez Perce, said "The whites told only one side. Told it to please themselves. Told much that is not true. Only his own best deeds, only the worst deeds of the Indians, has the white man told."

"I don't go so far as to think that the only good Indians are dead Indians, but I believe nine out of ten are, and I shouldn't inquire too closely into the case of the tenth. The most vicious cowboy has more moral principle than the average Indian."
~ President Theodore Roosevelt ~ (1858-1919)

* DEHUMANIZING Indians - Are Indians really people? Are they truly worthy of the same laws and respect given to other human beings? In 1879 this issues was debated until US District Court Judge Elmer
Dundy ruled that Indians were indeed "persons within the meaning of the law" and therefore had legal rights such as protection from unjust custody and removal from property. Though the ruling was on
the lawbooks, most communities continued to deny Indians their rights and liberties and oppose the ruling. Earlier, on July 28, 1868, the 14th Amendment of the US
Constitution gave equal rights to all NON-INDIAN men, women, and children. According to the United States, Indians are inferior to other ethnic races.

"Our treatment of Indians... still affects the national consciousness... It seems a basic requirement to study the history of Indian people. Only through this study can we as a nation do what must be done if our
treatment of the American Indian is not to be marked down for all time as a national disgrace."
- John F. Kennedy ~

* FALSE IMPRISONMENT - Hundreds of thousands of Native people were rounded up, herded thousands of miles westward and placed in
makeshift camps for months and even years. For most, the camps were unsanitary and offering little to know shelter, food, medicine, or fuel for heat and for cooking whatever was given - or found. The POW's were often dispensed rotted meat and vegetables for food, and died from starvation, exposure, disease and untreated medical emergencies.

* ENSLAVEMENT - Christopher Columbus alone is thought to have enslaved over 5,000 indigenous people. The Pilgrims and Puritans
owned thousands of Native slaves also.

"We speak of Christopher Columbus being the
discoverer of America, although
millions of human beings had occupied the
continent for untold ages."
~T.W. Davenport~, Indian Agent in Oregon, 1850

* TAXES - Christopher Columbus demanded work from the indigenous people he invaded. If the people refused, or if they brought in less than they were supposed to, Columbus and his mofia men would cut off their noses, ears or fingers and send the Natives back to their people to serve as an example of what would happen if their quota wasn't met.

* RESERVATION PROPERTY - Most reservation land is owned by the United States and held in "trust" for the Native people. Unlike
property privately owned by other US citizens, reservation land is not theirs
to do with as they please. The US can - and does - mine the ground underneath for such things as uranium (and have consequently polluted lakes, rivers and personal water) and, for most, the land cannot be used as collateral to buy a new home or a car. Since the property is held in trust (though it was promised in treaty after treaty that the
Native people would have their own land - to do with as they please) the US acts as guardians of the reservations and people living upon the property must jump through red tape any time they need to do something on the "tribal" land.

* GLORIFYING the INVADERS and CONQUERORS - Christopher Columbus was a tyrant slave trading extortionist who caused the death of one-third of the Indian population that he invaded. The Spanish later committed
horrendous acts against the indigenous people that included roasting them on spits, using mutilated pieces of children as dog food, hanging people for no reason, using them as target practice, and giving the Native people diseases infected with smallpox. Bartolome de las Casas, a Spanish missionary described a day when the Spanish raped, beheaded and mutilated nearly 3000
people: "The Spanish cut off the legs of children who ran from them. They poured people full of boiling soap. They made bets as to who, with one sweep of his sword, could cut a person in half. They loosed
dogs that 'devoured an Indian like a hog, at first sight, in less than a moment. They used nursing infants for dog food."
"When the Spaniards had collected a great deal of gold from the Indians, they shut them up in three big houses, crowding in as many as they could, then set fire to the houses, burning alive all that were in them, yet those Indians had given no cause nor made any resistance."
~ Bartolome' de Casas ~ Destruction of the Indies

While the Spanish thought of Native Americans as disposable slaves, the English considered them savage devil-worshipers who
required converting, civilizing, conquering and/or exterminating. Native people were hunted down with dogs, kidnapped or starved
to death after Englishmen destroyed food and villages. Even President Andrew Jackson, in 1814, "supervised the mutilation of 800 or more Creek Indian corpses �?the bodies of
men, women and children that [his troops] had massacred �?cutting off their noses to count and preserve a record of the dead, slicing long strips of flesh from their bodies to tan and turn into bridle reins."
Across the country, and especially during the 1800's, newspapers ran with headlines exclaiming "Exterminate Them," and even
Frank L. Baum, the eventual beloved author of the Wizard of Oz, published an editorial calling for the extermination of the Indians.

* CELEBRATING the ATROCITIES: The United States has two national holidays on the federal books that directly relate to the Native people: the first: Columbus Day and the other in honor of the first "friendly" union between the Pilgrims and the Indians, which, in reality, was not a friendly feast of thanks, but a meeting over land.
Both "holidays" are celebrations of genocide - not patriotic brotherhood or peace.

Manifest Destiny - as Compared to Hitler's Plan of a Master Race

In 1839, John L. Sullivan wrote of Manifest Destiny, a phrase coined to explain and excuse the necessary expansion of the United States and the right to property out west (property already allocated and promised to Native people via hundreds of treaties. Property given in trade for homeland east of the Mississippi... and in trade for thousands of lives lost in the journey west.) O'Sullivan who wrote of
"human equality," "morality," "liberty" and "human progress," laid the groundwork for an ideology that grew within the American non-Native community and government: that Indians are a conquered culture.

* Note: An estimated 4,000,000 non-Native Americans relocated to western territories between 1820 and 1850.

Just like Hitler and his plan for a Master Race, the United States imposed their personal beliefs and goals on innocent people who they deemed a nuisance - an obstacle of progressive civilization - by using sinister tactics (including creating laws against the "unwanted" race and rounding them up and removing them from their intended path) to aid in achieving their goal. With both the Manifest Destiny approach and the Master Race strategy, one group of people hoped to remove or exterminate another group of people they deemed "inferior" - and thereby creating laws and reasons for the genocide. These reasons were affirmed, by most, as valid rationales for the atrocious acts and
society eventually not only accepted it, they also encouraged it.

"Of course our whole national history has been one of expansion... That the barbarians recede or are conquered, with the attendant fact that peace follows their retrogression or conquest is due solely to the power of the mighty civilized races which have not lost the fighting instinct, and which by their expansion are gradually bringing peace to the red wastes where the barbarian peoples of this world hold sway."
~President Theodore Roosevelt~ 1901

Why the Denial?

In the United States, Historical Truth is a misnomer. There can be no historical truth when all accounts are told by the victor - written to form a patriotic narrative that serves only the republic. After all, if the US government admitted the truth, they would open themselves up to liability, which then leads to responsibility, an apology, perhaps a bit of guilt and social stigma, and then, finally, restitution. This is not something the United States - nor most non-Native citizens - wishes to partake. They would rather believe the propaganda spewed over this continent for half a millennium, and refuse to change their thinking because if it's found that our government DID, in fact, systematically attempted to eradicate an entire race of people, then, we are not the nation we thought we were, our founding fathers were not so brave and brilliant, and the land in which we now live does not belong rightfully to anyone without Native blood. And then there's the most horrid thought of all: we would be no better than monster's like Hitler, Stalin, Lenin and Pol Pot. And who in their right mind wants to be in the same category as such despicable madmen?

James Axtell, historian, wrote in 1992: "We make a hash of our historical judgments because we continue to feel guilty about the
real or imagined sins of our fathers and forefathers... [We] can stop flogging ourselves with our "imperialistic" origins and tarring ourselves with the broad brush of "genocide." As a huge nation of
law and order increasingly refined sensibility, we are not guilty of murdering Indian women and babies, of branding slaves on the forehead, or of claiming any real estate in the world we happen to fancy."

The United States today includes the Jewish Holocaust in their school textbooks, yet they exclude the American Holocaust. Memorials and museums are created to educate and remember the millions who died in
Germany - and the madman who led them to their deaths - yet, the American Indians receive no such recognition and seem to be a victim of patriotic amnesia.

America is guilty of hypocritical finger-pointing. We condemn those acts committed by others, while denying our own narcissistic
philosophies and actions that echo that which we berate. To do so not only brings shame upon every American who knows - and accepts - the historical truth of his or her country, but it also maintains the unjust Manifest Destiny attitude towards the Native people, allowing racism and cultural annihilation to continue as well.

Manifest Destiny of today: Thanksgiving, honoring Christopher Columbus, Federal Recognition Policies, corruption within
the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), the 4+ BILLION dollars missing due to theft or mismanagment from BIA officials, reservation
property, usage of Indian names and images to sell products and to mascot sports teams, incorrect history in children's books, the "extinction" of tribes, Native portrayal in films, the debate over casino and taxes, poverty, imprisonment of Native leaders, theft of Native art and cultural items, treaty violation, mining on reservation land(ruining water and land), the denial of fishing and hunting rights, refusal to return land, graves desecrated, tribal interference, and continued relocation.

"Because of the slum housing conditions; the highest unemployment rate in the whole of this country; police brutality against our elders, women, and children; Native Warriors came together from the streets, prisons, jails and the urban ghettos of Minneapolis to form the American Indian Movement. They were tired of begging for welfare, tired of being scapegoats in America and decided to start building on the strengths of our own people; decided to build our own schools; our own job training programs; and our own destiny. That was our motivation to begin. That beginning is now being called 'the Era of Indian Power'."
~Dennis Banks~ 1992

Bibliography and sources of additional information:

David E. Stannard, American Holocaust: Columbus and the Conquest of the New World New York: Oxford University Press, 1992

Mander, Jerry, In the Absence of the Sacred: The Failure of Technology and the Survival of the Indian Nations," Sierra ClubBooks,
San Francisco, 1992

Olson, James and Wilson, R., Native American, In the Twentieth Century, University Press, 1988

Ward Churchill, A Little Matter of Genocide: Holocaust and Denial in the Americas, 1492 to the Present San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1997

The Reader's Digest Association, Inc., Through Indian Eyes, Pleasantville, New York/Montreal, 1995

J.M. Cohen, editor, The Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus London:
Penguin Books, 1969

Loewen, Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong

Conot, Robert E. Justice at Nuremberg. New York: Harper and Row, 1983

(Reprinting of this column is permitted as long as you republish the entire column. Be sure to include the author's byline.)

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