The Klamath, who call themselves maklaks, are an American Indian ethnic
group located in southwestern Oregon. They are closely related to the
neighboring Modoc Indians.The Klamath derived most of their subsistence from
rivers and marshes. Fish was the staple of their diet, and pond lily seeds
were also important. Roots were gathered to some extent. Deer and other game
were of minor dietary importance.
The Ojibwa are an American Indian ethnolinguistic group centered about the
upper Great Lakes (i.e., Lakes Superior and Huron) in both Canada and the
United States. The major cultural distinction is between the Woodlands and
Plains
Ojibwa. The Plains Ojibwa form a rather distinct ethnic group in language,
social organization, art, ceremonial, and costume. They are derived from
small groups of Ojibwa who migrated into the Plains, beginning near the end
of the eighteenth century, and, under Northern Plains influence, underwent
extensive cultural change, including the adoption of a bison-hunting
economy. They occupy parts of northern North Dakota and Montana and are also
found just across the Canadian border in Manitoba and Saskatchewan.
According to Dunning (1959: 5), the Northern and Southern Ojibwa may be
differentiated on the grounds of ecology and social structure, although both
were characterized by exogamous patrilineal sibs and cross-cousin marriage.
The Northern Ojibwa had small, isolated bands, a family hunting territory
system, and a hunting-fishing-trapping economy. The Southern Ojibwa tended
toward larger, more complex, and sedentary communities with more diversified
economy. Within the Southern Ojibwa, the distinction between the
Southwestern and Southeastern Chippewa is a much clearer one, on both
geographical and cultural grounds. The Southwestern Chippewa occupy the area
south of Lake Superior running from Upper Michigan, through northern
Wisconsin and Minnesota, and along the southern border of Ontario
approximately as far west as Lake of the Woods. Their economy included very
little farming, but the harvesting of wild rice and maple sugar was
important. Those of interior Wisconsin and Minnesota were chiefly hunters
and trappers, with fishing secondary, while among the more northern groups
fishing was the major subsistence activity. The area of the Southeastern
Chippewa includes Lower Michigan, Lake Huron, and a sector of Ontario to the
north of Lake Huron. Their subsistence economy was based on farming,
hunting, fishing, and the harvesting of maple sugar. They had large,
permanent summer villages along the northern shores of Lakes Huron and
Michigan, but dispersed into extended family hunting bands during the
winter.
The Tarahumara Indians inhabit the Sierra Madre Mountains of the State of
Chihuahua in Northwest Mexico. Their territory centers in the upper Rio
Urique drainage, and covers approximately 5,000 square miles.The Tarahumara
are basically an agricultural people and till their lands either by
slash-and-burn techniques or with the use of ox-driven plows. Maize is the
most important crop, followed by beans and squash. Other fruits and
vegetables are cultivated or collected but are of
only minor significance when compared to maize. Domestic animals include
cattle, sheep, and goats. These animals are not eaten. What little animal
food the Tarahumara consume is obtained through occasional hunting and
fishing. Although the division of labor is somewhat flexible, men tend to do
the hunting, fishing, agricultural tasks and woodworking, while women are in
charge of domestic tasks including weaving, and pottery making.
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