Runic alphabet   

Origin

Little is known about the origins of the Runic alphabet, which is traditionally known as futhark after the first six letters. In Old Norse the word rune means 'letter', 'text' or 'inscription'. The word also means 'mystery' or 'secret' in Old Germanic languages and runes had a important role in ritual and magic.

Here are some theories about the origins of runes:

• The alphabet was probably created independently rather than evolving from another alphabet.
• Runic writing was probably first used in southern Europe and was carried north by Germanic tribes.
• The Runic alphabet is thought to have been modelled on the Latin and/or Etruscan alphabet.

The earliest known Runic inscriptions date from the 1st century AD, but the vast majority of Runic inscriptions date from the 11th century. Runic inscriptions have been found throughout Europe from the Balkans to Germany, Scandinavia and the British Isles.

Notable features

• The direction of writing in early Runic inscriptions is variable. Later they settled down into a left to right pattern
• Word divisions were not generally recognised in Runic writing, although one or more dots were occasionally used for this function.

Types of runic inscriptions include:

• 'Kilroy was here' type inscriptions on cliff walls, large rocks and buildings
• grave stone inscriptions, often with who carved the runes and who was buried, and also who made sure the stone was raised. (Later grave slabs or stone coffins were sometimes inscribed with Christian texts carved in runes)
• religious/magic inscriptions: prayers and curses, formulas on charms, etc.
• inscriptions related to trade and politics: There are many examples of trade communication: stock orders and descriptions, excuses for not having payed on time, trade name tags for bags or cases of produce, etc. The trade inscriptions are often carved on wooden rune sticks. Political inscriptions are to do with matters of the law, historical figures state that they were somewhere hiding from the enemy, secret messages to do with the fighting of wars, etc.
• personal letters: love letters, greetings between friends, proposals, etc.
• rude messages, similar to modern graffiti or sms today
• Art and craft-signatures: Goldsmiths, blacksmiths, wood carvers, church builders, etc., often put their name on what they made. Objects also somtimes had names carved onto them �?either the name of the object itself, or the name of the person who owned it.

Elder Futhark

Elder Futhark is thought to be the oldest version of the Runic alphabet, and was used in the parts of Europe which were home to Germanic peoples, including Scandinavia. Other versions probably developed from it. The names of the letters are shown in Common Germanic, the reconstructed ancestor of all Germanic languages.

Notes

The letter k is also called kēnaz (torch) or kanō (skiff). The meaning of the letter name perþ is unknown.

Gothic runes

Gothic, an extinct east Germanic language, was originally written with a Runic alphabet about which little is known. One theory of the origins of runes is that they were invented by the Goths, but this is impossible to prove as very few inscriptions of writing in Gothic runes survive. These runes were replaced with a new alphabet in the 4th century AD.

Anglo-Saxon Futhorc

A number of extra letters were added to the Runic alphabet to write Anglo-Saxon/Old English. Runes were probably bought to Britain in the 5th century by the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians (collectively known as the Anglo-Saxons), and were used until about the 11th century.

Runic inscriptions are mostly found on jewellery, weapons, stones and other objects. Very few examples of Runic writing on manuscripts have survived.

Younger Futhork

Younger Futhork or "Normal Runes" gradually evolved Elder Futhark over a period of many years and stabilized by about 800 A.D., the beginning of the Viking Age. It was the main alphabet in Norway, Sweden and Denmark throughout the Viking Age, but was largely though not completely replaced by the Latin alphabet by about 1200 as a result of the conversion of most of Scandinavia to Christianity.

Three slightly different versions of the alphabet developed in Denmark, Sweden and Norway:

Danish Futhark

Swedish-Norwegian / Short-twig / Rök Runes

Norwegian Futhark

Gothenburg / Bohuslän Runes

Medieval (Latinised) Futhark

After the arrival of Christianity in Scandinaiva, the Runic alphabet was Latinised and was used occasionlly, mainly for decoration until 1850.

Thanks to Niklas Dougherty for some of the information on this page.

Runic alphabet   

Origin

Little is known about the origins of the Runic alphabet, which is traditionally known as futhark after the first six letters. In Old Norse the word rune means 'letter', 'text' or 'inscription'. The word also means 'mystery' or 'secret' in Old Germanic languages and runes had a important role in ritual and magic.

Here are some theories about the origins of runes:

The earliest known Runic inscriptions date from the 1st century AD, but the vast majority of Runic inscriptions date from the 11th century. Runic inscriptions have been found throughout Europe from the Balkans to Germany, Scandinavia and the British Isles.

Notable features

• The direction of writing in early Runic inscriptions is variable. Later they settled down into a left to right pattern
• Word divisions were not generally recognised in Runic writing, although one or more dots were occasionally used for this function.

Types of runic inscriptions include:

• 'Kilroy was here' type inscriptions on cliff walls, large rocks and buildings
• grave stone inscriptions, often with who carved the runes and who was buried, and also who made sure the stone was raised. (Later grave slabs or stone coffins were sometimes inscribed with Christian texts carved in runes)
• religious/magic inscriptions: prayers and curses, formulas on charms, etc.
• inscriptions related to trade and politics: There are many examples of trade communication: stock orders and descriptions, excuses for not having payed on time, trade name tags for bags or cases of produce, etc. The trade inscriptions are often carved on wooden rune sticks. Political inscriptions are to do with matters of the law, historical figures state that they were somewhere hiding from the enemy, secret messages to do with the fighting of wars, etc.
• personal letters: love letters, greetings between friends, proposals, etc.
• rude messages, similar to modern graffiti or sms today
• Art and craft-signatures: Goldsmiths, blacksmiths, wood carvers, church builders, etc., often put their name on what they made. Objects also somtimes had names carved onto them �?either the name of the object itself, or the name of the person who owned it.

The Meanings of the Runes

Sources

There are several historical runic inscriptions, found on everything from swords to stones to bronze pendants, which list the entire runic alphabet in order. One of the oldest and most complete of these is the Kylver stone, found in Gotland, Sweden and dating from the fifth century. Others are less complete, but show a remarkable continuity in the order in which the runes are listed. The only surviving written accounts of the actual names and meanings of the runes, however, were not recorded until the advent of the Christian era. Some of these manuscripts, which date from the 9th. century until well into 12th, are known as rune poems. These poems have a verse for each rune, each of which begins with the rune itself and its name. Some of these poems are more Pagan than others, particularly those from Iceland, where Christianity was not yet as widespread as it was in the Anglo-Saxon regions.

The rune names themselves appear to have been passed down relatively intact, and although no manuscript exists listing the names of the older, Germanic runes, the Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian rune poems agree to such an extent that their common origin can be deduced. These names are probably our best clue as to what the individual runes actually meant to the people that used them.

Interpretation

The unique order of the fuþark and their traditional division into three 'aetts' (a word meaning 'families' or 'groups') may be of some significance in deciphering the complex interrelationships between the runes. Several authors have noted certain pairings and groupings within the order (cattle / aurochs, hagalaz / nauthiz / isa, etc.), but so far the meaning of the overall pattern has remained a mystery. Recently, a few authors (notably myself and Freya Aswynn) have independently developed systems of interpreting the fuþark as a whole, using Norse mythology and literature as a guide, and division into aetts as the underlying structure. Although these efforts are mostly speculative, they do provide some insight into how the Norse might have used the runes as a symbolic key to their understanding of the physical and spiritual world.

One can approach the fuþark as a journey - a spiritual odyssey in which the traveler encounters obstacles, receives gifts, and learns vital lessons that will aid in their development as a human being. This process is at once personal and mythic, following cycles and patterns that reflect the Norse world-view. This world-view was fundamentally different from that of the average 20th century Westerner, so a thorough understanding of the myths, culture and lifestyle of the ancient peoples of northern Europe is vital to a complete understanding of the runes. 

It should be noted that the following interpretations of the meanings of the runes, while firmly founded in historical evidence and understanding of the Norse culture, are at least partially speculative and should not be taken as the "True and Original Meanings of the Runes". Given that so little is actually known about the runes, it is to be expected that even the most cynical scholar writing about them will inevitably bring their own theories and biases to their subject.

Each rune is listed with its Germanic name and its literal meaning. The runes and their interpretations are divided into the three 'aetts':

Phonetic equivalent: f

DIVINATORY MEANINGS:

prosperity, money, wealth, concern with physical and financial needs, goals, promotion, self-esteem, centeredness, karma

MAGICAL USES:

for money, business, promotion, finding a job, achieving a goal, starting new enterprises

ASSOCIATED MYTHS & DEITIES:

Freyr, Brisingamen, Gullveig, Dwarfs, Sigurd & the Otter's Gold

ANALYSIS:

Fehu is both the day-to-day reality of our lives and the catalyst that awakens us to what lies beyond. It is whatever we think we are seeking, which frequently bears no resemblance to what we will eventually find. It is also our home, for after all our wanderings we will still need to attend to our physical needs and ground ourselves in the simple pleasures of home, family, and good work. Oz might be a fun place to visit, but after a while all you really want to do is go back to Kansas.

Fehu reminds us that we must be secure in our physical situation before embarking upon any spiritual journey. We all must begin with the mundane reality of our lives, although many people never get beyond this. In many ways, we have become as domesticated as the cattle, living our day to day existence without wanting or even being aware of anything more being possible. The first step in breaking away from this situation is to catch a glimpse of what is possible, without dwelling on what security we may lose to attain it.

 

uruz: aurochs

Phonetic equivalent: u

DIVINATORY MEANINGS:

energy, passion, vitality, instinct, wildness, sexuality, fertility, the unconscious, primitive mind, irrationality, shamanic experience, rite of passage

MAGICAL USES:

to strengthen the will, increase sexual potency and energy; for hunting

ASSOCIATED MYTHS & DEITIES:

Ullr, Loki, Odin (as shaman)

ANALYSIS:

The aurochs was a species of wild ox, similar to a longhorn bull, that was once found all over Europe, but which became extinct sometime in the 17th. century. They were said to be slightly smaller than elephants, and had horns as long as six feet, which were highly prized by the Germanic as drinking horns. This may or may not have been an exaggeration. Paintings of aurochs have been found in Neolithic caves, and it is believed that the aurochs hunt had some significance as a rite of passage for a boy entering manhood. The aurochs is the epitome of the wild animal, as opposed to the domesticated cattle represented by fehu.

Uruz is the rune of the God of the sacred hunt and his shaman/priest. Following the kind of mundane, day to day survival represented by fehu, it is the first recognition by mankind of the divine in nature, and his first attempt to control it through the use of sympathetic magic. It also represents an awareness of death and our own mortality, which may well be the only thing which truly distinguishes us from other animals. The energy of this rune is raw, powerful, and distinctly masculine, in the sense that it is pure, elemental fire. The boy who has killed the aurochs has just entered manhood, and has therefore been initiated into the first level of the mysteries - the awareness that the source of life is death.

 

þurisaz : giant

Phonetic equivalent: th (as in 'thing')

DIVINATORY MEANINGS:

hardship, painful event, discipline, knowledge, introspection, focus

MAGICAL USES:

aid in study and meditation, self-discipline, clearing out a bad situation

ASSOCIATED MYTHS & DEITIES:

the Frost Giants, Loki

ANALYSIS:

Þurisaz is the first of the 'obstacle' runes. These obstacles are not necessarily destructive things, but are placed in our path to strengthen and teach us. After all, you can't have a mythic hero without dragons to slay or giants to fight!

The lesson of this rune is 'to learn you must suffer', meaning not only literal suffering, but also in the biblical sense of 'allowing' - allowing one's destiny to unfold as it should, and allowing one's self to experience all that life offers us. What may at first appear to be a negative, destructive event, may well turn out to contain an important lesson. The Giants may seem to be evil and destructive to the Aesir, but they bring about change, and eventually clear the way for a new age.

 

ansuz : Odin

Phonetic equivalent: a (as in 'fall')

DIVINATORY MEANINGS:

authority figure, leader, mind & body balance, justice, shaman, clairvoyant

MAGICAL USES:

for wise decisions, success, leadership; to help in divination and magic

ASSOCIATED MYTHS & DEITIES:

Odin

ANALYSIS:

This rune represents the instinctive, primal energy of uruz tempered with the discipline and experience of þurisaz. These elements are combined in the personage of Odin, who exhibits the characteristics of both chieftain and shaman - a god of wisdom as well as war. Odin is also a shaman, traveling between the worlds on his eight-legged horse, Sleipnir.

Ansuz is a balanced rune. As with fehu, many people choose to remain at this point in their journey. It represents power, both secular and magical, and this power can be quite seductive. Odin has learned the lessons of the first three runes, thus gaining the wisdom to rule wisely, but this is really only another beginning. He has only gained temporal power, and has only a few of the tools he will need to perfect himself spiritually. There is a certain lack of compassion and perspective in this rune. Odin sits high above his world, looking down and making decisions, but he doesn't yet have the capacity to really care about or understand his people or himself. He still needs that emotional connection to become a truly great leader.

 

raiðo : journey

Phonetic equivalent: r

DIVINATORY MEANINGS:

journey, pilgrimage, change, destiny, quest, progress, life lessons

MAGICAL USES:

protection for travelers, to ease or bring about change, to reconnect

ASSOCIATED MYTHS & DEITIES:

the Norns, Sigurd's journey

ANALYSIS:

Raiðo represents the path of a person's life and how it intersects and interacts with other paths. In Norse mythology, these paths are seen as threads of fate, and are regulated by the Norns. The Norns are three sisters who live near the first root of Yggdrasil, which they tend with the water from the well of Wyrd. They also spin the fates of Gods and men, which is important when understanding the mechanism of runic divination and magic.

The complex network of relationships formed by these threads of fate can be thought of as a web. Every chance encounter forms another connection in the web, and by tugging on one thread you affect everything else in the system. Most people do this completely unconsciously, but by becoming aware of the pattern of the threads surrounding you, it becomes possible to recognize and follow up on the kind of catalytic events that seemed to happen to us randomly back at fehu. In this way, we can find our way more easily along the path of our own journey, thus deriving the greatest benefit from its lessons. Otherwise we tend to get distracted and end up on detours and dead ends.

Raiðo reminds us that, although it may seem that we have accomplished our goals at ansuz, life and change continue and we must always go on. We will eventually end up where we began, but on a higher level and with a better perspective. The journey never really ends.

kenaz : torch

Phonetic equivalent: c (as in 'candle')

DIVINATORY MEANINGS:

wisdom, insight, solution to a problem, creativity, inspiration, enlightenment

MAGICAL USES:

for creative inspiration, aid in study, fertility, dispelling anxiety and fear

ASSOCIATED MYTHS & DEITIES:

Mimir, the Dwarfs, Muspellheim

ANALYSIS:

In modern usage, the Scottish 'ken' means to know or understand, and this is the sense in which the rune should interpreted. Today, light, inspiration and knowledge are often associated, as in 'gaining enlightenment' and 'shedding light on the problem', and even in the image of a light bulb going on over someone's head when they get an idea. To bring light is to make the invisible visible.

Unlike the wisdom gained at þurisaz, kenaz only allows us to take bits and pieces of this knowledge away with us as we need it, usually at the discretion of the Gods. This knowledge will generally come in the form of a sudden inspiration, and we will be able to see clearly the answer that was once hidden from us. This form of wisdom is more closely associated with the right half of the brain than the left, since it does not come through conscious effort but rather through passively opening one's self to it. Thus, a more feminine element is added to our journeyer's experience.

The act of bringing light into the darkness is also a creative one. Again consider the image of the person carrying a torch , representing the masculine elements of fire and air, entering the cave and penetrating the feminine realm of earth and water. This joining of masculine and feminine elements results in the creation of new ideas. In physical terms, this can be correlated to the application of fire to mold and shape matter - the art of the smith.

 

gebo : gift

Phonetic equivalent: g (as in 'girl')

DIVINATORY MEANINGS:

gift, offering, relationship, love, marriage, partnership, generosity, unexpected good fortune

MAGICAL USES:

to find or strengthen a relationship, for fertility, to mark a gift or offering, to bring luck

ASSOCIATED MYTHS & DEITIES:

Sigurd & Brunhild; Aesir & Vanir treaty

ANALYSIS:

Gebo is a rune of connection, particularly the connections between people. Up until now, our journey has been a solitary one. This rune represents those places where our path intersects with others, and allows us to begin to form conscious relationships. Such relationships are strengthened and sanctified by the exchange of gifts.

The use of the gift as a symbol of an oath or a bond is an ancient one. When a lord wanted to ensure the loyalty of one of his subjects, he would give that person a gift. The gift would create a debt on the part of the person receiving it, and this debt would ensure his readiness to serve his lord. Similarly, a gift given between lovers, especially that of the ring, symbolizes the bond between them. Originally, only the man gave the ring in a marriage for much the same reason as the lord giving gifts to his vassals, but today the arrangement is usually more equitable. Gifts or offerings given to the Gods often carry the same meaning, representing the giver's love for or loyalty to their Gods. The giving of a gift implies the acceptance of a debt with the understanding that the debt will not be repaid. 

wunjo : glory

Phonetic equivalent: w

DIVINATORY MEANINGS:

success, recognition of achievements, reward, joy, bliss, achievement of goals, contentment

MAGICAL USES:

for success in any endeavor, to motivate, to complete a task.

ASSOCIATED MYTHS & DEITIES:

Baldr, Asgard

ANALYSIS:

Wunjo is the last rune of the first aett, and thus represents both the end of one cycle and preparation for the next. It is a very positive, stable rune, and is another place where people tend to get stalled along their journey. Christian poets related it to heaven, but in fact it more closely resembles the Pagan Valhalla, since this particular paradise is not a permanent one.

Like the wealth of fehu, the glory of wunjo is only an illusion. We have achieved success on one level only, and there are many more lessons to be learned. It is, however, a welcome respite which allows us to rest, re-charge our batteries and prepare ourselves for the rest of the journey. It also gives us some perspective, allowing us to look back and reflect on the road thus far. Wunjo gives us a glimpse of what is possible, but if we try too soon to reach out and grab it, like the Grail it will disappear between our fingers.

 

hagalaz : hail

Phonetic equivalent: h

DIVINATORY MEANINGS:

sudden loss, ordeal, destruction, disaster, clearance, testing, karmic lesson, drastic change.

MAGICAL USES:

removing unwanted influences, breaking destructive patterns

ASSOCIATED MYTHS & DEITIES:

Ragnarok, Loki, Frost Giants

ANALYSIS:

The idea of the destruction of the old being necessary to the growth of the new, as contained in the Norse myth of Ragnarok, is essential to our understanding of this rune. Interestingly enough, hagalaz lies between kenaz (fire) and isa (ice), reminding us of the Norse creation myth and the creative potential that lies between these two opposites, even though their meeting may seem at first to be destructive. Like the Tower in the Tarot, hagalaz is only a negative rune if we choose to view it in that way, and refuse to learn its lessons. Appearing as it does at the beginning of the second aett, it marks both a beginning and an end, and knocks us out of the safety and complacency of wunjo. It represents what a friend of mine used to refer to as the 'flying ladle syndrome' - that whenever things appear to be going too well, you can expect a good, healthy whack in the head from the Fates, just to make sure you're paying attention.

These sorts of 'wake-up calls' from the Gods will happen frequently throughout a person's life, but are often misinterpreted as divine punishment for some imagined wrong when in fact they are merely a way of drawing your attention to a recurrent pattern in your life. Unfortunately, these types of events have a tendency to repeat themselves with greater and greater severity until the lesson is learned and the pattern is broken. For example, someone who needs to break their dependency on a certain type of person will find themselves in relationships with such people over and over again with more and more disastrous results until they recognize the pattern as emanating from themselves and break it willingly.

Phonetic equivalent: n

DIVINATORY MEANINGS:

poverty, hardship, responsibility, discontent, obstacle, frustration

MAGICAL USES:

to represent a need to be filled

ASSOCIATED MYTHS & DEITIES:

Freyr & Gurd, the Otter's Gold

ANALYSIS:

If hagalaz is a flying ladle, then nauþiz is the empty pot. It is a gentle, nudging reminder that all is not as it should be. Life appears to be out of synch, and nothing seems to be going right. No matter how much you have, it is never enough, and there is an ever present desire for something more, something better. On the positive side, this dissatisfaction with the status quo can serve to draw one away from the relative safety of wunjo and motivate towards change.

Nauþiz represents an imbalance between one's desires and one's assets. How you resolve this situation will influence the rest of the journey, but the awareness of the imbalance itself can also be illuminating. It causes you to closely examine and perhaps reassess your values and priorities, and forces you back onto the path of your own happiness. Perhaps mythologist Joseph Campbell said it best when he enjoined us to 'follow our bliss'; in other words, that we will know that we are on the right track spiritually when we are doing those things which make us the most happy and fulfilled. Nauþiz helps us to take the first step on that path by letting us know when we have strayed from it.

 

Phonetic equivalent: i (ee as in 'eel')

DIVINATORY MEANINGS:

inactivity, blockage, stagnation, potential, patience, reflection, withdrawal, rest

MAGICAL USES:

to stop a process; to represent primal form

ASSOCIATED MYTHS & DEITIES:

Auðumla, Nifelheim

ANALYSIS:

In modern symbology, fire is generally masculine and ice (or earth) is feminine, but it is unknown whether the Norse shared this association. Certainly, ice was a constant factor in their day to day lives. It threatened their crops and their ships almost throughout the year, but it also served as a symbol of creation, from which all life will eventually spring. It says something about the Norse mind that they could recognize the need to have such a seemingly destructive joining of elements in order to create and maintain life. Fire may be warm and pleasant, but it must be balanced by the freezing of winter just as birth must be balanced by death. Even the little death of sleep has been proven to be vital for our mental and physical well-being.

Isa encompasses all of these ideas, but primarily represents a period of rest before activity, and itself forms the material from which life can be created. It is matter, inert by itself, but transformed into the stuff of stars when wedded with energy. It is the immovable form acted upon the irresistible force. In many ways, the Norse predicted Einstein with their version of the creation of the universe, recognizing that everything in their world contained both fire and ice (energy and matter), and that the relationship between the two defined the processes of life itself.

 

jera : year, harvest

Phonetic equivalent: y (but may be used in place of 'j')

DIVINATORY MEANINGS:

change, cycle turning, reward, motion, productivity, inevitable development

MAGICAL USES:

to bring change; for fertility and growth

ASSOCIATED MYTHS & DEITIES:

Sif, Thor, Freyr, Granni

ANALYSIS:

In this modern age of central heating and oranges in February, it is difficult to imagine the close ties that people once had with the cycles of the year, particularly in the more Northern climes. The changing seasons affected not only the weather, but also the day to day activities and even the diets of ancient peoples. Constant change was the norm, and the object was to become attuned with those changes, not to fight against them. An ancient farmer (or even some modern ones) wouldn't need to look at a calendar to tell him when to plant, or read a weather forecast to know when the snows were coming. The changing seasons were a part of his blood and bones, and his very existence depended on adapting to change.

Jera follows isa just as spring follows winter. The frozen stagnancy of ice is broken by the turning of the wheel, and things are once again moving along as they should. In fact, we have now broken out of the entire set 'negative' runes with which we began this aett. This has been accomplished not by fighting to escape the ice or railing against the unfairness of fate, but by learning from those experiences and simply waiting for the inevitable thaw. Jera is the communion wine - the product of the joining of opposites bringing life. Storms may come and go, but the sun is always there and life is generally pretty good. Enjoy it while you can.

 

eihwaz : yew

Phonetic equivalent: ei

DIVINATORY MEANINGS:

change, initiation, confrontation of fears, turning point, death, transformation

MAGICAL USES:

to bring about profound change, to ease a life transition

ASSOCIATED MYTHS & DEITIES:

Hel, Yggdrasil

ANALYSIS:

The yew tree has been associated with runes, magic and death in northern and western Europe since time immemorial. The reasons for this ancient association are numerous, but seem to principally derive from the fact that yews are evergreens which retain their greenery even through the death of winter, and because their red berries are symbolic of the blood of life. The yew is also extremely long-lived, thus effectively 'immortal'. Reverence for the yew dates back to before the times of the Celts, and continues today in Christian tradition. Eihwaz is the thirteenth rune in the fuþark, and marks the middle of the alphabet. (It is interesting to note that the Death card in the Tarot is also the thirteenth card.) This rune is the turning point in the runic journey, and represents the transformation phase of the initiatory process. All rites of passage, particularly those marking the transition into adulthood, contain the symbolism of death, the idea being that one's former 'self' has died and given birth to a new persona. Eihwaz is the passage through which we must enter the realm of Hel in order to gain the knowledge and acceptance of our own mortality, as well as those mysteries which can only be learned from the dark Lady of the dead. The process is a truly frightening one, but it is something we all must go through if we are to confront our deepest fears and emerge with the kind of wisdom that cannot be taught but must be experienced. Eihwaz is the gateway to this wisdom, and lies between life (jera) and rebirth (perþ).

 

perþ : dice-cup or vulva

Phonetic equivalent: p

DIVINATORY MEANINGS:

rebirth, mystery, magic, divination, fertility, sexuality, new beginning, prophecy

MAGICAL USES:

fertility, easing childbirth, to aid in divination and magic, enhancing psychic abilities

ASSOCIATED MYTHS & DEITIES:

Freya, Angrbode

ANALYSIS:

The actual interpretation of perþ has been the subject of much controversy among runic scholars. The problem lies in the fact that the initial P sound doesn't occur anywhere else in the old Germanic language, leading to the belief that the word was imported from another language. The Old English rune poem seems to indicate that it had to do with some sort of game, leading many to interpret it as 'chess pawn' or 'dice-cup'. The dice-cup meaning is particularly interesting as it not only fits the shape of the rune, but also hints at such an object's original use as a container for the runes themselves. An alternate interpretation of perþ is derived from the Slavic 'pizda', meaning 'vulva'. This meaning (although obscure and somewhat unlikely) fits quite well into the progression of runes up until this point, symbolizing the rebirth that follows death. Viewing it as a symbol of the womb of the Goddess, it represents the same element of the mysterious and hidden as 'dice-cup', but taken literally as 'vulva', it adds a powerful, feminine, sexual counterpart to uruz that would otherwise be missing from the fuþark.

However you choose to interpret the literal meaning of perþ (and again, nobody really knows what that is), the basic symbolism is that of a vessel, nurturing and giving 'birth', keeping hidden and secret all those mysteries which can be uncovered only after the initiation of death. The rune is closely tied in with the idea of fate, that the road we travel, regardless of what we choose to do along the way, is pre determined from the moment of our birth. The very act of being born sets us along a course of cause and effect, action and reaction that we may choose to follow blindly, or try to divine through the runes or other means in order that we may better understand the lessons we will learn. Perþ is the beginning of this process, as well as the tool for accomplishing it.

 

algiz : protection

Phonetic equivalent: x, z

DIVINATORY MEANINGS:

protection, assistance, defense, warning, support, a mentor, an ethical dilemma

MAGICAL USES:

for protection, hunting

ASSOCIATED MYTHS & DEITIES:

Heimdall, Gjallerhorn

ANALYSIS:

Heimdall is an interesting and mysterious figure in Norse mythology, and I associate him with the rune algiz because of his role as protector and guardian. He is the watcher at the gate who guards the boundaries between the worlds and who charges all those entering and leaving with caution. He is best known for his famous horn, but his sword is also important in the consideration of this rune. Snorri mentions that the poetic name for a sword is 'Heimdall's head', and the poetic name for a head is 'Heimdall's sword'. This is particularly significant if we consider that one form of his name was 'Heimdali', meaning 'ram'. Through the image of the ram, Heimdall's sword and his horn can be seen as two different sides of the same image. Both the sword and the ram's horns (or the elk's antlers) are symbols of power which may be used for either offence or defense, depending on the situation.

In terms of the journey, we have passed through death and rebirth, and must now face the Guardian before returning to our world. It is he who charges us to use our new-found power wisely. The person can no longer be simply concerned with their own personal development, but must now consider the effect that their actions may have on others. This is a crucial turning point, and the person will either choose to adopt a system of ethics or ignore the effect on others and only work to serve their own ends. Again, the sword is in their hands, but they must decide whether to use it for defense or offence.

 

sowulo : sun

Phonetic equivalent: s

DIVINATORY MEANINGS:

success, positive energy, increase, power, activity, fertility, health

MAGICAL USES:

energy, strength, success, healing, fertility

ASSOCIATED MYTHS & DEITIES:

Sunna

ANALYSIS:

The sun is held sacred by almost every religion in the world. Its light and warmth symbolize life and growth and all that is good. Norse cosmology describes the sun being driven around the heavens in a chariot and chased by a great wolf, which will devour it at Ragnarok. Throughout Indo-European Paganism, the sun has frequently been associated with the horse, often described as being carted around the sky by a horse. Both are symbolic of life and fertility, and are usually considered 'masculine' in polarity, although in Norse myth the chariot is driven by a girl. The swastika or sun wheel is a constant motif in rock carvings dating back to Neolithic times, and occurs throughout Europe and Asia. The sun rune itself is a variation on this symbol, and represents motion and energy.

Sowulo marks the end of the second aett, and like wunjo represents success and glory. However, unlike the rest and relaxation of Valhalla, the sun is very much an active symbol. We have reached the end of the aett successfully, and the conclusion is a positive one, but in this case we are fully aware of the changing and transient nature of the universe. We can see the wolf at our heels, and we know that we must move on. Here, though, the journeyer may pause briefly in the warmth and light of the sun, absorbing and applying its energy to the work ahead. This time we won't need to be blasted out of our safe position, but will rather choose to leave it in order to continue on the journey.

Phonetic equivalent: t

DIVINATORY MEANINGS:

duty, discipline, responsibility, self-sacrifice, conflict, strength, a wound, physicality, the warrior path

MAGICAL USES:

protection, victory, strength, strengthening the will, healing a wound

ASSOCIATED MYTHS & DEITIES:

Tyr and the Fenris Wolf, Odin's ordeals

ANALYSIS:

Just as the second aett began with the cleansing destruction of hagalaz, so too does the third aett begin with a loss. However, hail is imposed by the Gods to force the sacrifice of those things which aren't really vital to our development. Teiwaz, on the other hand, represents a voluntary sacrifice, made by someone who understands exactly what they are giving up and why.

Tyr's sacrifice of his hand to allow the binding of the Fenris Wolf was a noble one, and notable in a pantheon of deities not known for their sense of duty and ethical responsibility. He is believed to be one of the oldest of the Norse Gods - a Bronze-age rock carving was found in Scandinavia depicting a one-handed warrior - and his position may well have originally superseded that of Odin. Tyr's rune is also one of the oldest in the fuþark, having survived virtually unchanged from the earliest Bronze-age carvings. It represents all those qualities associated with the God: strength, heroism, duty and responsibility. But it also represents a deeper mystery - that of the wounded God. Like þurisaz, the pain of teiwaz focuses the attention and forces discipline. However, in this case the effect is more conscious and the wound carries a greater significance. Uruz has been confronted and bound, and the lessons of teiwaz and hagalaz have been learned. This is the path of the warrior.

 

Phonetic equivalent: b

DIVINATORY MEANINGS:

fertility, health, new beginnings, growth, conception, plenty, clearance

MAGICAL USES:

healing (especially infections), achieving conception, making a fresh start

ASSOCIATED MYTHS & DEITIES:

Frigg, Idunna

ANALYSIS:

The birch is fundamentally a symbol of fertility. There are numerous instances in European folk tradition where birch twigs are used to bring prosperity and encourage conception. They were fixed above a sweetheart's door on May Day in Cheshire, England, and were placed in stables and houses to promote fertility. On the continent, young men, women and cattle were struck with birch twigs for this same purpose, and young boys would be sent out to "beat the bounds of the parish" with branches of birch to ensure prosperity in the coming year. Witches were said to ride broomsticks made from birch, an image which probably originated with fertility rituals where dancers would 'ride' brooms through the fields, the height of their jumping indicating how high the grain should grow.

If teiwaz is the fundamental male mystery, then berkana certainly belongs to the women, for it represents the path of the mother, the healer and the midwife, bringing new life after death just as the birch puts out the first leaves after winter. While Tyr's wound is acquired through his encounter with death, berkana's wound is that of menstruation, and her ordeal is that of childbirth. The birch is abundant and all providing, and heals through nourishment, cleansing and empathy.

 

Phonetic equivalent: e (as in 'egg')

DIVINATORY MEANINGS:

transportation, motion, assistance, energy, power, communication, will, recklessness

MAGICAL USES:

power, aiding in communication, transportation; to 'send' a spell

ASSOCIATED MYTHS & DEITIES:

Sleipnir, Freya's feathered cloak

ANALYSIS:

The horse has been a powerful symbol in nearly every culture and every age. They were often believed to draw the sun about the heavens. Strong, swift and loyal, their relationship with humankind is unique. They allow us to perform tasks that would normally be beyond our strength, and to travel distances that would normally be beyond our reach. The mare symbolizes fertility and fecundity, and the stallion is the epitome of virility and raw energy. It is an animal that never lost its power by being domesticated.

Like the sun which is its counterpart, ehwaz represents energy and motion. In this case, however, there is also respect for the source of the power to be considered. This is not merely an impersonal energy source - it is a living, breathing thing whose needs and desires must be taken into consideration, rather than be simply used as a slave. This is the power that was given by the God at algiz, and this rune reminds us of our oath to only use it to help, never to harm. Like the two-edged sword, the horse is a powerful tool, but must be carefully controlled to avoid harming yourself or other. It is tempting to just go barreling along recklessly, but to do so is to risk loosing that power forever. This is the balance that must be achieved on the path of pure magic.

 

Phonetic equivalent: m

DIVINATORY MEANINGS:

significator, self, family, community, relationships, social concerns

MAGICAL USES:

to represent a specific person or group of people; to establish social relationships

ASSOCIATED MYTHS & DEITIES:

Ask and Embla, Midgard

ANALYSIS:

In its broadest sense, mannaz represents all of humanity, and therefore the entire realm of Midgard. In more practical terms, though, it is those with whom we have personal connections, from our immediate circle of family and friends to the wider community around us, reminding us of our nature as social animals. It also represents our connection with the Gods and with nature, through the two Norse myths of the creation of humans; the first where they sprang from Ymir's body, and the second in which they were created from two logs by a river. It takes the raw energy of ehwaz and controls it through our social conscience, reminding us of those we affect with our deeds both magical and mundane.

The rune itself resembles gebo with its joining of masculine and feminine elements, but is much more complete. It is the entire web of human relationships, with the self at the centre, which mirrors the web of fate explored through raiðo. But while that web was more or less fixed, this one is mutable and alive. Past and present, male and female, self and other - all opposites are joined here and made whole. Mannaz is our home, and speaks for all those whose lives we touch when we use the gifts we have been given through the runes.

 

Phonetic equivalent: l

DIVINATORY MEANINGS:

emotions, fears, unconscious mind, things hidden, revelation, intuition, counselling

MAGICAL USES:

enhancing psychic abilities, confronting fears, stabilizing mental or emotional disorders, uncovering hidden things

ASSOCIATED MYTHS & DEITIES:

Njord, Midgard Serpent

ANALYSIS:

When most people think of water, they generally think of its more pleasant associations - peacefulness, love, compassion, intuition, and the emotions in general. However, we must remember that, to the Norse, water most often meant the sea, and the sea was a terrifying, unpredictable place, home of the Midgard serpent and the grave of many sailors. Laguz, then, should be thought of in terms of the lighter and the darker sides of the element of water. It speaks to our primal fears of the dark, the cold, and all those terrifying things hidden deep within our subconscious minds.

Like eihwaz, which forced the journeyer to confront his or her mortality, laguz makes us examine the underlying roots of our personality and behavior, and allows us to modify those aspects which are hindering our spiritual development. The understanding and wisdom gained through eihwaz and the runes which followed have prepared the journeyer to face this darker side (represented by laguz) and accept it as an integral part of their selves. Laguz also prepares the person to take on the task of helping others through this self-examination process, allowing them to empathize more strongly and share their own experiences, making it (among other things) the rune of the spiritual counselor.

 

Phonetic equivalent: ng

DIVINATORY MEANINGS:

work, productivity, bounty, groundedness, balance, connection with the land

MAGICAL USES:

fertility, farming, growth, general health, balance

ASSOCIATED MYTHS & DEITIES:

Freyr / Ing, Nerthus, Thor, the Vanir

ANALYSIS:

Ing is a Danish / Anglo-Saxon name for Freyr, the God of agriculture and fertility. Agriculture represents one of the first attempts by mankind to control the environment, and the fertility of crops, animals and people has always been the primary concern and religious focus of most Pagan agrarian societies. From the earliest Sumerian accounts to modern-day British folk custom, people throughout history have sought to ensure the success of their crops.

The vast majority of people in Western society have lost all contact and connection with the land and the process of growing things. The spiritual consequences of this segregation from the earth have been disastrous, since most people find it difficult to relate to deity in a purely man-made environment. The shape of this rune can be likened to that of a field, but its real significance may lie in its balance, representing the harmonious relationship between ourselves and the four elements / four directions. Inguz reminds us of that ancient connection between the Gods and the land, and re-links (the real meaning of the word 'religion') us with our spiritual natures through the realm of the physical. It is quite literally a grounding rune, and by reintroducing us to the earth, it reconnects our bodies, our minds and our spirits.

 

Phonetic equivalent: d (pronounced as 'th', as in 'this')

DIVINATORY MEANINGS:

happiness, success, activity, a fulfilling lifestyle, satisfaction

MAGICAL USES:

to bring a positive outcome

ASSOCIATED MYTHS & DEITIES:

Sunna, Baldr, Nerthus, Yggdrasil

ANALYSIS:

This rune effectively marks the end of the third aett, leaving only oþila to complete the cycle. As in the previous two aetts, ðagaz concludes the third with light and hope. However, while wunjo represented earthly glories and the sun, heavenly power, the day brings these two realms together, bringing the more abstract light and power of sowulo 'down to earth' and applying it to our everyday lives.

The shape of the rune itself denotes this kind of interconnection. It is reminiscent of gebo, with its balance of masculine, feminine and the four elements, but ðagaz makes further connections to the celestial and the realm of nature. Like inguz, it symbolizes harmony with one's environment. but again takes it a step further, implying a harmonious relationship with the spiritual environment as well. It is a bringing together of all six cardinal points - the four compass directions, the celestial realm above us where the Gods are thought to dwell; and that which is below - all the spirits of the earth and of nature. All of these things are balanced and integrated through ðagaz and brought into our daily lives.

 

Phonetic equivalent: o

DIVINATORY MEANINGS:

property, land, inheritance, home, permanence, legacy, synthesis, sense of belonging

MAGICAL USES:

for acquiring land or property, to complete a project, to strengthen family ties

ASSOCIATED MYTHS & DEITIES:

the nine worlds of Yggdrasil

ANALYSIS:

In oþila, we find ourselves back in the seemingly mundane realm of wealth and property, just like the first rune, fehu. However, while cattle represented a more movable, transitory form of wealth, the land (as Mr. O'Hara said) is the only thing that lasts. It can be passed on as a legacy, but more importantly, it defines who we are by defining where we are. It is, ultimately, our home.

This rune brings us to the seventh cardinal point, which is the centre. It is the meeting place between Midgard and Asgard; between ourselves and our Gods. It is the axis around which our lives revolve. The idea of land or property is only a symbol - we must all find our own "centre" (or, as Joseph Campbell termed it, our "bliss") to give our lives meaning, and this is really the ultimate goal of the runic journey. Like Dorothy in the Wizard of Oz, we discover that after all our travels and adventures, we all eventually end up going home. But this doesn't mean that the travels and adventures are pointless. On the contrary, it is only through those explorations that our 'home' or spiritual centre can have any real meaning for us. "There's no place like home" will have no power to send us there unless we come to truly understand what and where our home is to us. Conversely, none of the lessons learned along the way can be of any real use to us unless we actively integrate them into our 'mundane' lives and find that centre point to anchor them to. Oþila not only completes the smaller cycle of the third aett, but also brings us back to the beginning of the fuþark itself, only on a higher level. We may now begin the grand cycle of the runic journey again.

 

Hey! Where's the Blank Rune?!?

The blank rune (or 'Odin's Rune', or 'Wyrd') was invented by Ralph Blum, author of 'The Book of Runes'. Blum explains in the introduction to his book that he started out using a rune set someone gave him, not knowing the first thing about them, and sort of made things up as he went along from there. The blank rune was one of those things.

There is absolutely no evidence that a 25th 'blank' rune ever existed historically.  Many subsequent books have been published based on Blum's, and so the fiction of the blank rune has been perpetuated. 

.

FEHU

Possessions

( Feoh, Faihu, Fe )

Color: Red

Number(s): 6, 24

Astrological Sign: Taurus

Stones: Carnelian, Green Tourmaline, Amber

Associated Tarot Card: III - The Empress

.....The RUNE name fehu literally means "cattle", the measure of wealth in early germanic history. This worth of cattle was later transferred to the gold you could use to buy them. Both served in turn as the physical representation of the mobile energy which manifests as money in human dealings. This rune is translated as gold or wealth in the rune poems, but it's etymological origin suggests the strength of fertility and lifeforce.

.

DIVINATION

~Prosperity, money, wealth, concern with physical and financial needs, goals, promotion, self-esteem, centeredness, Karma.

~Fulfillment, Ambitions satisfied, rewards received.

~Conserve what has already been gained.

~Protection of achievements.

~Good fortune, wealth, Luck.

~Relationship: Financial prospects approaching.

~Relationship: Attitudes in the relationship need looked at.

~Honesty, Honor

~Clearly define what it is you desire.

~Enjoy your good fortune, but also share it.

~Success and Great Wealth

~ Expansion, Vanquising and GAin

~Spiritual Treasures should also be sahred with those with an open mind.

~Don't be greedy or miserly

~Earned wealth from investments and time.

~This is also the stone of the Elemental Power of Fire.

REVERSED

~Fall short in efforts.

~Doubtful situations are abundant.

~Frustrations, Shortcomings.

~Observe yourself and the situation. Ask "What do I need to do to further my progress?".

~Cowardice, Stupidity, Slavery, Dullness, Bondage.

~Bankruptcy, Loss of personal esteem.

~Do not fritter away resources on personal whims or lost causes.

~Being overcome by the odds.

~Misusing your gifts.

~You are letting what is yours slip away.

.

.

Magical Uses

~Used to attract wealth and protect property.

~Signify power over the environment.

~Starting new enterprises

~Give initial power to start a working

~Success and advancement in career

~To obtain a Goal.

~Used for the Transfer of Energies:

..... 1. Use for protection.

..... 2. Use to draw energy into yourself for a temporary increase in Power.

~Used to awaken your personal power and send it outward.

~Used with other RUNES - Causes a Fiery increase in power.

HEALING

Good for the blood - Flux it or give it energy.

---

RAIDO

Journey

( Raidho, Raidha, Radh, Reidh, Rad, Ride )

Color: Indigo

Number(s): 4

Astrological Sign: Sagittarius

Stone(s): Turquoise, Jacinth

Associated Tarot Card: XIV - Temperance

.....The rune name Raido is interpreted variously as "wagon", "chariot", and "riding". Raido is the rune of ordered movement above all else. This movement is in space, time and the relationship between the two. Raido rules the rhythms of movement in all ways, melding the temporal and spatial with the personal needs of action. Raido is also a solar rune.

.

.

DIVINATION

~Journey, Pilgramage, Change, Destiny, a Quest, Progress, A Life Lesson may be coming up soon.

~Communication is needed, Decisions have to be made - take control. Relate and connect your options as well as what is going on around you.

~Unions and reunions are coming.

~Relationship: There are upcoming fights in the relationship.

~Do not rely solely on your own power, instead seek guidance from others/above.

~Search for: spiritual wisdom; Fulfillment; A Quest.

~Waiting may be the right action to do now. - While you are waiting, remove what is resisting you.

~Can mean Physical travel, or a change in address.

~Seeking and striving - a Quest. Search for fulfillment.

~Do not take the soft option or easy route.

~Do not focus solely on your problems and become isolated from day to day events.

~This is a cycle Rune. Cycle of Self - No time period.

REVERSED

~Be attentive to personal relationships.

~There may be rerouted opportunities.

~Breakups may be more plentiful than unions right now.

~Keep a sense of Humor.

~Disruption, Dislocation, Demotion, Delusions.

~Possibly a death (depending on the other runes in the casting).

~Delays.

~A visit to sick relatives or a friend in trouble is coming.

~Don't undertake a physical or spiritual journey at this time.

.

.

MAGIC USES

~Ensure a safe journey.

~To help seek into the unknown.

~Can arouse restlessness in others and dissatisfaction.

~Cause changes - good or bad - depending on the accompanying runes.

~To help you take control.

~To help with legal matters.

~To bring about Justice and Harmony.

HEALING

~Help to evacuate all things that harm the body from the inside. (poison, pus....)

---

.

HAGALZ

Disruption

( Hagall, Hagl, Haegl, Hagalaz, Hail )

Color: Red

Number(s): 8

Astrological Sign: Aries

Stone(s): Crystal

Associated Tarot Card: XVI - The Tower

.....The rune Hagalz is known as "hailstone". Hagalz represents the unchanging structure or set pattern of the world through which all living beings move. Hagalz is a great controller and focuser of energies, much like a crystal.

. .

DIVINATION

~Sudden loss, Ordeal, Destruction, Disaster, Clearance, Testing, Karmic lesson, Drastic Change.

~Events beyond ones control.

~Hassles, Hurdles, Disruptive forces.

~New sense of reality.

~Relationship: Unconscious influences operating - past experiences in relationships (including projections from parents).

~Major change is coming.

~You have the freedom to break out of the cycle you're in (If you don't, it will break out for you by disruption).

~Move on to the next circle, it is time to grow.

~There may be loss before there is gain.

~Hardship, Involuntary suffering without reason.

~Wrath of nature, Natural disaster.

~Delays and limitations that can hinder progress.

~A delay in plans that ae not ready.

~Be cautious of executing long-term plans.

~Tempering, Testing, A Trial.

~Pain, Loss, Suffering, Hardship, Sickness, Affliction.

~If you have been sick, recovery is on the way.

****If combined with Isa or Nauthiz - adverse effects are increased signifigantly!

REVERSED

There is no reverse due to it's shape.

.

MAGIC USES

~Removing unwanted influences.

~Breaking destructive patterns.

~Cause change.

~Warding against entropic forces.

~Can be used to attract positive forces.

~Use for passive protection.

~Used with other RUNES - Brings them into complete being on all levels.

HEALING

~Protect from external aggression (Hot, Cold...)

~Decontraction, Calming, Flexibility.

---

 

JERA

Harvest

( Jer, Ger, Yer, Ar )

Color: Green

Number(s): 4

Astrological Sign: Virgo

Stone(s): Moss Agate

Associated Tarot Card: IX - The Hermit

.....The name Jera literally means "year". The shape of the rune Jera shows the way in which the Germanic peoples thought of the seasons and their interactions, particularly in the way of farming. The Teutonic year is thus only divided into 2 seasons: Summer (Fire) and Winter (Ice), which work upon each other continuously - not as warring opposites, but as interacting complements.

..... Jera shows the natural development of spiritual understanding, which cannot be hurried or forced. It is a RUNE: Of patience and of awareness; Of moving in harmony with both your inner changes and the changes in the world around you. Jera is not a RUNE of immediate gratification, but instead it is a RUNE of long-term planning and the day to day process of bringing your plans to fruition.

.

DIVINATION

~Change, Cycle Turning, Reward, Motion, Productivity.

~Inevitable Development.

~There is a beneficial outcome, but it will be delayed.

~Time, time is afactor in development.

~Usually One (1) Year.

~Gentle gestation and change.

~Relationship: Long-term influences on each other.

~You need to have Patience.

~Any revolution or cycle of change.

~Fulfillment of plans.

~DO NOT judge others, or YOU will be judged.

~Harsh words may end a friendship.

~The end of a cycle and beginning of a new one.

~What you sow, You will reap.

~Drawn in a "Past" Reading - Completed that Cycle.

~Drawn in a "Present" reading - At the beginning of a cycle.

~Drawn in a "Future" reading - Near the end of a cycle.

**Combined with Isa, this signifies Karmic retribution for past misdeeds.

REVERSED

There is no reverse due to it's shape.

..

MAGIC USES

~Bring about change, Cycle or Inversion of Circumstance.

~Speed up change, or Slow it down.

~Brings your will into effect slowly and naturally.

~Aids in the growth of your understanding and guides you to find the correct times for rituals.

~Ward against Woe-Working.

~Make your inner vision into physical reality.

HEALING

~Change a state to the opposite.

Ex. Irritation to Joy, Depression to Calm, etc. .

---

.

EIHWAZ

Defense

AKA "The Death RUNE"

( Eihwas, Ihwar, Ihwas, Eoh, Yew Tree )

Color: Indigo

Number(s): 5

Astrological Sign: Libra

Stone(s): Smokey Quartz

Associated Tarot Card: XI - Justice

.....The RUNE Eihwaz, "yew", is the RUNE holding the powers of the most mysterious of the magical trees known to the Germanic people. The magical wand or talisman, when it was made of wood, was most often made from a Yew Tree. It is also said that the tree upon which Odin hung himself to discover the RUNES was, in fact, a Yew Tree.

...... This RUNE is associated with the Tree of Life, and can thus, send messages along it, etc. The Yew tree is also known as the "Tree of Death", being planted in cemeteries this day. According to popular belief, the Yew Tree can "trap" the souls of the dead.

. .

DIVINATION

~Change, Initiation, Turning Point, Confrontation of Fears, Transformation.

~Death.

~Delay may prove beneficial.

~There may be blockages, but they help progress.

~Growth through inconvenience and discomfort.

~Aversion, Perseverance, Foresight, Discomfort.

~Overcoming Barriers, Tenacity.

~Outgoing, Dynamic, Go!

~Ability to achieve desires.

~Relationship: Idealism, Expectations.

~Be clear on what you see and believe.

~Let everything go.

~Wait on the will of the heavens.

~Strength, Reliability, Dependability, Trustworthiness, Stolidness.

~Lack of imagination or initiative.

~Can represent an honest man that can be relied upon.

~News from a friend or enemy from the past.

~Recurrance of an old problem, not properly dealt with.

~False nostalgia for the past.

~Spirituality: Death is not to be feared, but seen as a step in the evolution of the soul.

REVERSED

There is no reverse due to it's shape.

..

MAGIC USES

~Bring profound Change, Ease or Transition.

~Overcome difficulties.

~To find a person or a thing.

~Used to make wands or staves.

~Strengthen the will.

~Used to call upon wisdom from earlier existances.

~Used to both Store and Send Power.

~Lend strength and provide a firm foundation.

~Protect you from yourself by rendering you sensible and thoughtful.

~End situations and solve problems.

HEALING

~Good against Vertigo.

---

.

PERTH

Initiation

( Perthro, Pairthra, Perthrold, Peordh )

Color: Magenta

Number(s): 3

Astrological Sign: Pisces

Stone(s): Layered Onyx

Associated Tarot Card: XII - The Hanged Man

.....The RUNE Perth is the RUNE of divination. This RUNE can be used for all manner of divinations as well as for an understanding of the workings of Wyrd through the world. Perthro has also been interpreted as the grave-mound, which is closely bound in thought to the Well of Wyrd, as both contain the concealed treasures of the past.

.

DIVINATION

~Rebirth, Mystery, Magic, Divination, Fertility, Seuality, Prophecy, New Beginnings.

~Surprise Gains.

~Lift above the ordinary.

~A secret, something is hidden.

~Look to your past history. Introspect and Self-Awareness is needed.

~Relationships: Hidden aspects in the relationship.

~Your destiny is hidden until you are fully alive.

~Love.

~Inner changes are, and need to, take place.

~Nothing external matters, except as it affects your inner self.

~Abundance, Luxur, Opulance, Lavishness.

~Hidden Knowledge. - The Rune of Divination

~Unexpected gains from a mysterious source.

~A secret gift.

~A Spiritual Guide.

~Spiritually - You have reached a point where help will be offered by another person. Look for them.

REVERSED

~Don't expect too much, or in an ordinary way.

~Exhaustion.

~Focus on the outcomes.

~If you repeat the old, Expect to suffer.

~Do not focus on the past.

~You may have "Bad Luck" OR Recognize a specific block or challenge. It depends on your point of view.

~Debauchery, Decadence, Excess, Superficiality, Drunkeness, Lasciviousness, Gluttony, Physical Pleasure.

~A secret from the past will be revealed which will cause harm.

..

MAGIC USES

~Fertility.

~Ease in Childbirth.

~Fidelity.

~Causes powerful magic or Divination (Increases Power).

~Used to help with past lives.

~Contact the Collective Unconsciousness/God/Etc.

~Increase your awareness of Synchronicity.

~To help gain wisdom into the RUNES.

~Bring abundance and pleasure - Even to the point of excess.

~Find lost property.

~Obtain inner guidance.

~Help to make financial speculations.

~Used with other RUNES - Recieves and Sends them into being.

HEALING

~To aid in easing childbirths.

..

ALGIZ

Protection

( Algis, Elhaz )

Color: Blue

Number(s): 9

Astrological Sign: Virgo

Stone(s): Black Tourmaline

Associated Tarot Card: IX - The Hermit

.....The name Algiz may be derived from the words for "elk", "swan" or "protection". This RUNE refers to the spirit in earthly shape that is the being of humanity. Algiz rules the pathways between the gods and humans as well as the drawing/sending downward of godly might. The RUNE Algiz is a great RUNE of warding.

. .

DIVINATION

~Protection, Assistance, Defense, Warning, Support, A Mentor.

~An ethical dilemma.

~Control your emotions.

~New oportunities, challenge.

~Sanctuary.

~Emotional stability, Control>

~Positive personal conduct.

~Relationship: Caring and Protecting.

~Observe your emotions to see what is holding you back.

~Do not hide from turbulence - It is progress.

~This is the RUNE of cleansing and warding.

REVERSED

~Be thoughtful about health.

~Temperence, Courtesy.

~Remain conscious of those that are using you.

~Be wary of new associations.

~Examine health and associations.

~Winning may not be possible - Losing brings knowledge and progress.

..

MAGIC USES

~Protection from negative repercussions.

~Emotional stability.

~Protection in general.

~Ward a person or place.

~Fill a place with power.

~With other RUNES - Brings out their highest level of spiritual workings. Binds them together.

HEALING

~Help keep your back straight.

~Symbolize the end of a disease.

---

THE NORWEGIAN RUNES

The oldest runes discovered in Norway date from 400 AD. They were based upon the 24 - rune Elder Futhark of Germanic origin. Two of the runes in the Elder Futhark, Pertra and Eoh, have never been found in any Norwegian rune text.

From 550 AD to 700 AD there was a transition period between the older 24-rune Futhark and the newer 16-rune Futharks. By the end of this period, the 24-rune Futhark went completely out of use and the 16-rune Futharks had prevailed.

Then, about 900 AD, the Shorttwiggs-runes were introduced from Sweden. Shortly thereafter, from 1000 AD, Futharks with more than 16 runes became more prevalent, as these were more consistent with the Latin alphabet. These types of runes were used in Norway up to 1800 AD.


NORWEGIAN-GERMANIC RUNES TO CA. 500 AD

	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
*fehu	*uruR	*þurisaR	*ansuR	*raidu	*kauna	*gebu	*wunju

0	0
*hagalaR	*naudiR	*isaR	*jara	*perþu	*iwaR	*algiR	*sowilu

*tiwaR	*berkana	*ehwaR	*mannaR	*laguR	*ingwaR	*dagaR	*oþila

CHANGE-OVER VERSIONS AFTER 500 AD




NORWEGIAN RUNES AFTER CA. 600 AD




NORWEGIAN-DANISH RUNES FROM THE 800'S




NORWEGIAN-SWEDISH RÖKRUNES
(CA. 800 - 900)




RUNES FROM THE 900'S TO CA. 1050 AD




SHORTTWIGS-RUNES FROM CA. 900 AD




NORWEGIAN RUNES CA. 1000 - 1050 AD




NORWEGIAN RUNES CA. 1050 - 1175 AD




NORWEGIAN RUNES FROM CA. 1300 - 1400 AD




TOWN RUNES
After the end of the Viking period the runes became more and more in common use by ordinary people. A lot of rune inscriptions from the end of 1100's, 1200's and 1300's, the so-called town runes, show that it was not only the professional scribes who wrote runes. Even the ordinary people had learned the art of reading and writing runes because runes were the most accessible tool for them and were useful in their mercantile trading.

"Training sticks" have been found which were used to learn runes, showing that more people could write and read than one had previously believed. It is interesting that knowledge of runes was not taught in the schools of the time which were run by the Christian church and clergy. Church and clergy schools were limited to those who could raise money for the fees. Therefore it appears that common man's knowledge of reading and writing runes was passed down from person to person.

Numerous runic inscriptions from the later years found in archeological diggings in towns, for example Bryggen in Bergen, not only open a new world of thought and ideas, but have brought us in contact with the small merchants and small scale occupations or trades.

Runic inscriptions enter into a regular part of trades and made contributions both in efficiency and specialization. The old brands or trademarks (made of runes) could replace writing out a whole name. Third parties could effectively be brought into trading transactions, debts recorded, or to deputize another to do business for one.

Short inscriptions were used daily about grain, fish, cod, salt, beer, mead, yarn, homespun, cloth, weapons etc. For example:

"Ragnar owns this fishnet."
"Torkjell Coinmaker sends you pepper."
"Bård has paid one and a half øre*, but with scanty weight."
"Henrik has paid two ertog*, but probably with bad silver."
"Ingemund Sheep has paid two and a half ertog*" etc.

*(1 mark = 8 øre = 24 ertog = 240 penning. As it is written in the Gula-Thing law, the valuation of 1 mark is 3,2 cows.)

The runic trading inscriptions show that this was hardly daily shopping as we know it, because the consignment and the accounts point to much larger purchases of butter, milk, fish, grain, cod, salt, beer etc. But this is an old and well known fact of life of the Norwegian agricultural population.

A "félag", a partnership or company, is what we encounter in a letter written with runes from Tore Fager to Havgrim around 1300. Tore had been on a trading consignment in which he had bad luck. He wrote to Havgrim of the company:

"Tore Fager sends God's and his own greetings, in fellowship and friendship. I lost some of the goods for the company in the trading. I have not gotten the beer or the fish. I want you to know this so that you do not call me to account for this. Ask the farmer to come south and visit us and see how it is. Urge him to it, and do not call me to account for anything; and do not tell Torstein Lang anything. Send me some gloves. If Sigrid needs anything, ask her to come to you. Promise me that I will not get any difficulties because of this lack."

The runic inscriptions lead us into a milieu in which both men and women took an active part in trade. There is mention of Lucia Grimsdatter, Vemund, Eirik, and other common Norwegian names. These people were an important group of traders in the cities. Later the German traders gained the right to also conduct small scale trading, which became a big problem for the local traders.

There is never found any runic inscription with numbers, the accounts is all ways spelled with runes.

RUNIC INSCRIPTIONS TELL US ABOUT THE STREET LIFE
Runic inscriptions from the 12 -1300's have brought us closer to the life in the cities. Most written sources are about important people and happenings, but these runic inscriptions were written by and about people in the street and their ordinary lives.

Small traders and handworkers didn't only write their trademarks on boxes of pepper or yarn or butter. Through the rune scripts we also see their deepest feelings, yearnings and fears. The runic inscriptions also show us the full spectrum of the thoughts of the people of the Middle Ages on everything from traditional paganism and magic (galdr) to Christian piety.

The street inscriptions emphasize the affairs between men and women, again and again:

"Love you me. I love you."
"My dearest, kiss me."
"Kiss me."
"The 'fanabelt' (a folklore belt) increased your beauty."
"Ingebjørg loved me when I was in Stavanger." etc.

Sometimes the popular element showed itself in a fresh way, in smutty inscriptions, such as "Bad is one who brings drinks to the 'fua'." In slang, 'fua' has a double meaning, as vagina or anus, and could refer to homosexuality. ('Fua' in normal language is a 'female fox' or 'fox shit'.). Another inscription has noted that the "Smith has laid with Vigdis of Sneldebeinene."

A bone of a cow bearing runic inscriptions was found in Oslo, dating from the late 1100's or early 1200's. According to runologist James Knirk more than one person wrote on this bone, which may have been used as a letter or message. Knirk says one hand wrote the first and forth lines, and possibly the second, but the third line was written by another:

1) hversu fór mál þat er þú reist i krosskirkju
(Translation: "What did you write in the 'Korskirke'*")
2) f(v)ælerþa
(Translation: "Well it is")
3) óli er óskeyndr auk stroðinn í rassinn
(Translation: "Ole is unprotected [or unclean] fucked in the ass.")
4) ??? vel fór þat
(Translation: "That sounds good")

*(The 'Korskirke' was a church in the old Oslo. It's not presaved.)

The runic inscriptions as "Gyda says you should go home" and "Now there is a big noise and a hubub" shows us probably something about the life in public-houses, confirming stories about the lack of sobriety in the towns, and that much drinking and drunkenness was common when people came together. One runic inscription was found in Bergen advertising a public house run by a woman.

RUNIC INSCRIPTION IN STAVE CHURCHES
For some decades, half of the runic inscriptions in Norway were found in churches. But since the archeological diggings in towns, for ex. in Bergen, hundreds of other inscriptions have been found. None of the below mentioned Stave churches are built before 1150.

Borgrund Stave Church
On the walls of the church are several runic inscriptions. Two of these inscriptions are dated to the middle of the 1100's. The first says "Tor wrote these runes in the evening at the St. Olav’s Mass". The other inscription says "Ave Maria".

Hegge Stave Church
One runic inscription was found during reconstruction of the church in 1923. "Erling Arnson wrote these runes."

Høre Stave Church
This runic inscription is written on the stave holding the pulpit.

þa um þat su(mar) ??? þæir brøþr ællingr (o)k auþun
hokoa til kirkiu er ærlinkr i(a/æ).....(l) i niþar ose

"That summer when the brothers Erling and Audun cut (trees) for this church, Earl Erling fell in Nidaros." (In the year 1179 Erling Skakke fell in battle in Nidaros.)

Høyjord Stave Church
A runestave bearing rune script (used like a rosary) has been preserved.

Lom Stave Church
Several runic inscriptions have been found in Lom church. Among others, one says "I have been here together with two other men".
Another was found in 1973 which says "Hovard sends Gudny God's greetings and his own friendship. Now it is my full wish to ask for your hand. If you don't want to be together with Kolbein, think over your marriage plans and let me know your wish."

Torpo Stave Church
One runic inscription in this church says "Toralf made this church."

Urnes Stave Church
Underneath the church a piece of wood was found inscribed with runes that said "Arne priest wants Inga".

Uvdal Stave Church
Two pieces of wood with runes were found under the church floor in 1978. On the first is written:
æirikar rit mer:runar
The text in Norse is "Eiríkr, rít mér rúnar" which means "Eirik, write runes for me." The second inscription is incomprehensible.

Ål Stave Church
One runic inscription in this church says "Toralf made this church", just as in the Torpo Stavekirke.

Other churches I know there are runic inscriptions is the church in Hesby and Talgje. The Nidaros cathedral in Tronheim also have runic inscriptions. (These are not Stave Churches.)

---

THE SWEDISH RUNES

Prior to 500 AD the 24-rune Elder Futhark was used in Sweden. From 500 AD until 800 AD there were many Futharks which were transitions from the 24-rune Futhark to one of the 16-rune Futharks. By the end of this period the 24-rune Futhark was completely out of use , and only 16-runes Futharks were in use.

By 900 AD two different types of Shorttwigs-Futharks had been born. One was popularized in Norway and the other was used in the west (the British islands). By 1000 AD the adjustment of the runes to the Latin alphabet had begun, and several versions are found up until the Dalrunes, about 1700-1800 AD.


SWEDISH-GERMANIC RUNES TO CA. 500 AD

	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
*fehu	*uruR	*þurisaR	*ansuR	*raidu	*kauna	*gebu	*wunju

0	0
*hagalaR	*naudiR	*isaR	*jara	*perþu	*iwaR	*algiR	*sowilu

*tiwaR	*berkana	*ehwaR	*mannaR	*laguR	*ingwaR	*dagaR	*oþila

SOME CHANGES OF THE SWEDISH RUNES (AFTER 500 AD)



SWEDISH-DANISH RUNES





NORWEGIAN-SWEDISH RÖKRUNES
CA 800 - 900




SWEDISH SHORTTIWIGS-RUNES (FROM 900 AD)



SWEDISH STAVELESS RUNES (FROM 900 AD)



SWEDISH RUNES (FROM 1000 AD)



SWEDISH RUNES (FROM 1100 AD)



HANDWRITTEN RUNES USED I LAWS FROM SKÅNE