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T he Wolf Chronology
20,000 B.C. - Cave drawings of wolves are made in southern Europe.
5,000 B.C. - Early agricultural settlements in southwest Asia come into conflict with wolves. 2,300 B.C. - First reference to a wolf in Western literature occurs in the Epic of Gilgamesh.
800 B.C. - Numerous references to wolves are made in Homer's epic poem The Iliad.
500 B.C. - Aristotle describes wolves in his writings.
A.D. 30 - Jesus Christ uses wolf parables to illustrate moral principles.
70 - Pliny the Elder provides a detailed pseudoscientific account for wolves in his book, Natural History.
70 - Plutarch describes the legend of Romulus and Remus, founders of Rome who were raised by wolves, in his Putative Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans.
600 - During the European Middle Ages, legends of werewolves and beliefs that wolves are associated with devils abound.
750 - Beowolf, the oldest of the major narrative poems in English, is composed; the protagonist, named for wolf, slays a monster named Grendel.
1600 - William Shakespeare employs dozens of wolf references in his plays.
1630 - First wolf bounty law passed by the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
1632 - First wolf bounty law passed by the Virginia Bay Colony.
1697 - New Jersey offers a wolf bounty.
1750 - Wolves become extinct in the Scottish Highlands at the hands of Lochiel, a clan chieftain, because they "preyed on the red deer of the Grampians." Wolves are similarly persecuted in western Europe, but do not become extinct in France, Italy, or Spain as they do in other countries.
1758 - Linnaeus recognizes the wolf as a circumpolar species and gives the species the Latin name Canis lupus Linnaeus.
1790 - Russian and German naturalists report wolves in Alaska.
1793 - Wolf bounty is offered in Ontario.
1805 - Explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark encounter wolves in the Far West.
1808 - Zebulon Pike reports wolves in what is today Colorado. 1819 - The government expedition of Major Stephen Long encounters wolves in large numbers in Colorado.
1823 - As with earlier government expeditions, trapper/explorer James Ohio Pattie documents wolves living in close association with extensive prey populations.
1832 - Artist George Catlin paints Buffalo Hunt Under the Wolf-skin Mask, depicting two Pawnee warriors hunting buffalo disguised as wolves, and White Wolves Attacking a Buffalo Bull, which portrays two dozen wolves killing an old bull buffalo. These paintings are later exhibited in New York, London, and Paris.
1835 - America's first internationally known writer, Washington Irving, describes wolves in what is today Oklahoma in his travel narrative A Tour on the Prairies; he is the first professional writer to do so.
1840s - Tens of thousands of settlers head west on the Oregon Trail and the Santa Fe Trail. Increasing settlements come into conflict with wolves and their prey species as the entire Great Plains ecosystem begins to be destroyed.
1860s - Western railroad expansion brings buffalo market hunters to the Far West, decimating the great buffalo herds.
1870s - First cattle drives introduce livestock into previously remote mountain habitat for wolves; sheep herds will come later, leading to even more destruction of wolves and other predators.
1872 - Yellowstone National Park is established in northwestern Wyoming. 1880s - Theodore Roosevelt reports wolves are becoming scarce in the Dakotas.
1884 - U.S. Biological Survey is formed ( a precursor to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service).
1894 - Nature writer Ernest Thompson Seton kills the Currumpaw wolf of New Mexico and his mate, Blanca. Seton will eventually write a book, Lobo, King of the Currumpaw, about this experience.
1897 - Frederic Remington paints Moonlight Wolf, depicting a solitary Great Plains wolf (Canis lupus nubilus), a subspecies that would become extinct in a few years.
1899 - Wolf bounty is offered in Alberta.
1909 - Aldo Leopold kills a mother wolf and pups in the Apache National Forest of Arizona. This incident will later inspire his seminal essay "Thinking Like a Mountain" written in 1944 and published posthumously in 1949.
1909 - Wolf bounty is offered in British Columbia.
1914 - Congress designates U.S. Biological Survey as chief predator control agency.
1915 - First professional trappers and hunters hired by U.S. Biological Survey; their heyday will run through 1942 as wolfers operate in Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, the Dakotas, Arizona, and New Mexico.
1915 - Wolf bounty offered in Alaska. 1916 - National Park Service Act is signed into law, mandating protection of wildlife and maintenance of recreational opportunities.
1916 - The American Far West is divided into control districts by U.S. Biological Survey, thus paving the way for the systematic extermination of all predators through use of poisoned baits (strychnine; Compound 1080 after 1944) and steel leg-hold traps; eventually airplanes and helicopters will be used.
1925 - Last wolf in South Dakota ("Old Three Toes") is killed.
1926 - Since 1914 about 120 wolves have been killed in Yellowstone National Park; after 1926 there are no viable reports of wolves or wolf activity in northwestern Wyoming for a number of decades.
1927 - Last wolf in eastern Montana is killed.
1929 - German novelist Herman Hesse publishes Steppenwolf, a novel that links the impulsive, atavistic nature of man with the same quality of the wolf of the eastern European/western Asian steppes.
1929 - Ernest Thompson Seton publishes Lives of the Great Animals, a seminal work of natural history.
1933 - Wolf bounty law is repealed in Montana.
1934 - Wildlife biologist Adolph Murie begins his study of the coyote in Yellowstone National Park and confirms the wolf in now extirpated. Murie also establishes that the coyote poses no threat to the major game species, most notably elk, that migrate out of the park into national forests, where they can be hunted.
1939 - Adolph Murie begins a two-year study of the relationship between the sub artic wolf (Canis lupus pambasileus) and the Dall sheep (Ovis ovis dalli); Murie concludes that the wolf has a "salutary effect" on the prey species, a finding that stirs much controversy in the National Park Service.
1943 - Last wolf in Colorado is killed in Upper Conejos River near Platoro Reservoir. 1944 - Stanley Young's The Wolves of North America (a mixture of fact and folklore) is published. Adolph Murie's The Wolves of Mount McKinley is published; it is the first scientific treatise on the species. Murie is the first professional photographer to extensively document the wolf in the wild.
1948 - Special Act of Congress permits wolf trapping in Mount McKinley National Park over the objections of Adolph Murie and other biologists. Murie later is forced to play a role in this eradication measure, which results in the artificially elevated numbers of caribou seen in the park in the 1960s and 1970s (before the caribou population collapse).
1950s - Aerial hunting of wolves in Alaska and Canada begins in earnest.
1960s - Persistent unconfirmed wolf sightings in Yellowstone National Park will continue until the present time. Radio-collared Alaskan wolves have covered up to 400 miles in one year, so the possibility that the Yellowstone wolves came from Canada cannot be ruled out (nor can the covert release of wolves by unknown parties).
1962 - L. David Mech completes his doctoral dissertation on the wolves of Isle Royale National Park. (This wolf population will later be decimated by canine distemper in the late 1980s.)
1963 - Canadian writer Farley Mowat publishes Never Cry Wolf; a highly successful film will later (1983) dramatize Mowat's adventures in the Canadian Artic and for the first time portray wolves positively to the public in cinema. Leopold report recommends predator restoration.
1964 - Wilderness Act is signed into law; it protects former wolf habitat for future restoration projects (though not by design).
1970 - Mexican wolf killed Peloncillo Mountains of New Mexico.
1970 - L. David Mech publishes The Wolf; Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered Species. 1970s - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service captures Mexican wolves in Mexico for captive breeding.
1970s - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service captures red wolves in Texas and Louisiana for captive breeding.
1970s - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service extensively studies the Minnesota wolf populations.
1971 - Quebec ends wolf bounty. 1972 - Ontario ends wolf bounty.
1973 - Edangered Species Act is passed into law. The 1982 amendments will put enforcement strength into the act and provide further clarification on restoration issues.
1974 - Yellowstone wolf search involves 1,800 hours of airplane over flights and reveals only one "wolf-like canid."
1976 - Encouraged by National Park Service officials, Colorado State University graduate student Herb Conley writes a thesis on the restoration of wolves to Rocky Mountain National Park, where the burgeoning elk populations are destroying habitat, as in Yellowstone.
1976 - Two red wolves are released on Bulls Island off the South Carolina coast.
1978 - Barry Lopez publishes Of Wolves and Men.
1979 - Mexican Wolf Recovery Team is appointed; recovery plans for the red wolf and the northern Rocky Mountain gray wolf are also institutionalized at this time. Durward Allen publishes The Wolves of Minong: Their Vital Role in a Wild Community.
1980 - Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) is signed into law. It doubles the National Park system and triples national wilderness acreage in Alaska.
1980s - Discussions of northern Rocky Mountain grey wolf recovery focus on Yellowstone, central Idaho, and northwestern Montana. 1982 - Montana biologist Diane Boyd completes her thesis on a migrant wolf on the North Fork of the Flathead River near Glacier National Park; during the late 1980s several wolf packs will establish themselves in this region of the United States.
1982 - Arizona wildlife manager David E. Brown publishes The Wolf in the Southwest, which documents the eradication by the federal government of the southern Rocky Mountain gray wolf and Mexican wolf in Arizona and New Mexico.
1983 - Film version of Never Cry Wolf is released.
1985 - Retired professor Alston Chase alleges in his controversial book Playing God with Yellowstone that the National Park Service secretly tried to restore wolves to Yellowstone.
1986 - Eight red wolves arrive at Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge in coastal North Carolina; after acclimatization they will later be released, with mixed results in terms of adaptation and survivability.
1986 - L. David Mech begins study of arctic wolves in Canadian high Arctic.
1988 - Wolves killed in northwestern Montana by federal agents after livestock depredations.
1988 - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service report concludes White Sands Missile Range in southern New Mexico is a suitable location for Mexican wolf restoration. Army raises objections but drops them in 1991, while livestock interests continue to oppose this. Other sites discussed include Big Bend National Park in Texas, the Gila Wilderness Area in New Mexico, and several wilderness locations in Arizona.
1990s - Wolves are confirmed in Washington, Idaho, and North Dakota.
1991 - Two red wolves arrive at Cades Cove, Tennessee, to be prepared for release in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Red wolves have also been released by this time in Florida, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Alabama in various study projects. (A total of thirty-five red wolves are alive in captivity by 1991, including those in North Carolina.)
1992 - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Director John Turner endorses a blue-ribbon report recommending restoration of the gray wolf to Yellowstone National Park; the environmental assessment process further studies the potential effects of reintroduction on other species, including the threatened grizzly bear (to be completed in May 1993).
1992 - The film Dances with Wolves portrays wolves in a positive light and wins several Academy Awards.
1992 - Rick Bass publishes The Nine-mile Wolves, which examines the impact of a newly formed wolf pack near his home in northwestern Montana.
1992 - Polls indicate two of out three Montanans favor natural recovery of wolves in the state. Taken from Out Among the Wolves, Contemporary Writings on the Wolf, Edited by John A. Murray, Copyright 1993 |
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Grey wolf Canis lupus Grey wolves had the largest natural distribution of any mammal except human beings. Sadly, they can no longer claim this record as they have been lost from much of their former range. Subspecies There are several subspecies of the grey wolf, including the timber wolf, the Rocky Mountain wolf, the Arctic wolf, the Mexican wolf, the Japanese and the Indian wolf. Life span In the wild, wolves tend to live for less than 10 years. In captivity, they can live for up to 20 years. Statistics Body length: 100-160cm, Tail length: 30-50cm, Standing height: 50-100cm, Weight: 15-80kg. Physical description The grey wolf is primarily grey or brown, but can range in colour from white to black. The belly and throat are lighter, and the legs, snout and ears are light brown to cinnamon. The male is usually 20 per cent bigger than the female. Distribution Wolves were once widely distributed across much of Eurasia from the Arctic to the Mediterranean, and in North America, their distribution extended from the far north to the Sierra Madre in Mexico. Today the grey wolf can only be found in Canada, Upper Peninsula of Michigan and Wisconsin in the USA, Russia, and pockets of East Europe. Habitat Grey wolves are very adaptable to different terrain. They live in tundra, steppe, open woodland and forest. Diet They feed on large ungulates, beaver, small mammals, domesticated animals and rubbish. Behaviour Grey wolves live in a pack numbering anywhere from two to twenty members. Usually made up of wolves who are related to each other, the pack is a very tightly knit, highly organised group, travelling, hunting and raising pups together. The pack follows a strict hierarchy to help maintain order. The alpha wolf (the leader), is usually female and rules the rest of the pack. Reproduction Wolves mate at the end of winter, and the pups are born after a gestation period of nine weeks. They are born in litters of between two and 10 pups. Once the pups leave the den, they are looked after by the entire pack, and so will bond with the other wolves. Conservation status Grey wolves have been eradicated in Western Europe, except in small populations in 10 countries. They have suffered from direct human persecution, long term habitat disturbance and diseases spread by domestic dogs. The Spanish/Portuguese sub-population is classified as Lower Risk, and the Italian subpopulation is considered to be Vulnerable. The Mexican subpopulation is classified as Extinct in the Wild, after their numbers were reduced to only 10 in the 1990s. |
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Wolf Lingo Active Submission: approaching a dominant wolf and licking or nipping its muzzle. Pack members often greet the alpha male in this manner. Alpha: the dominant member (or pair) of a group such as a pack. Beta Male: the male wolf second in rank to the alpha male of a pack. Bond: an attachment that an individual human or animal forms to another. Many animals such as wolves have difficulty forming strong bonds to another individual or species when they are no longer infants. Canine: a member of a family of animals that includes dogs, wolves, foxes, and coyotes. Den: an enclosure in which wolf pups are born and where they spend the first four weeks of their lives. Dispersal: the process in which young wolves leave their families to form new packs. Dominant: being in charge of, or leading, others. A dominant wolf holds its tail up, pricks its ears, and stands tall around a submissive wolf. Pack: a group that gathers together to make hunting and other ways of surviving easier. Predators: animals that hunt and kill other animals. Raised-leg urination (RLU): urinating with one hind leg raised. The dominant wolves in a pack make scent marks with RLUs. Rendezvous site: a spot within a wolf pack's territory where pups are left when they are too young to join the pack in hunting. Scent Marking: using urine or other strong-smelling substances to mark the boundaries of a territory. Territorial: to consider an area of land as your own and to keep strange members of your species out by using warnings of fighting, it needed. Animals such as deer that are not territorial are said to have home ranges. This means that they have certain areas where they live but they don't defend them. Wolfers: hunters who were hired to kill wolves in the United States during the last half of the 19th century. |
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Wolf, Live for the Pack, Love for the Pack Fight for the Pack, Die for the Pack The Wolf Lives for the Pack The Pack Exists for the Wolf The Pack is a Unit The Pack is Family The Family Lives and Fights for Survival Should You Betray the Family... Or Should You Fight the Family... ...Run. ...Or Our Fangs Shall Seal Your Fate. |
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The Ranks and What They Mean I wrote up a list for anyone who does not understand the ranks, its simple .. just read and learn then ou know what your rank holds and what you do in the pack! :-) Its also for better understanding..Enjoy!!! Alpha~ The boss, One who eats first, leads the pack is the smartest and strongest. Beta~ The second in lead command , takes over when Alphas are away on hunting trip or genral bussiness. Gamma~ The Third in rank has alot of say in the pack and usually the Advisors of the apck for Alphas. Deltas~ They have alot of say as well as respect.. they are the organized part of the pack Epsilons~ Thye help assist in guarding the territory with the guardians when needed otherwise they help ther higher ranks attend certain duties. Guards~ They gaurd the boarders, greet new members into the pack and briung them back to the Alphas for approval. They will fight to the very end to protect Alphas and threir young, sometimes other pack members depending upon rank and status. Zeta~ Thye are guards in training, the guardians train them and teach them what to do when danger approaches and to greet new members as well as protect the pack Theta~ These guys are the peace keepers of the pack and try to avoid all fights and will try and break them up. Iota~ They are the healers of the pack and help assits with pups as well as wounds, of the ill. Kappa~ They assist in hunts as well as helping care for the young. Hunters~ They hunt for food for the pack and bring it back to the dens. Lambda~ The hunters in training, usually a younger wolf. Omikron~ They keep a close eye on the newer members, as well as assist the scouts scouting the boarders if needed too . Scouts~They watch out for danger and let the Alphas know if danger approaches..They are the spies of the pack and will be sent out upon duty to spy on an enemy or spread word to an allie. Sigma~ They are the teachers of the young the teach them about pack laws and what ranks are what they also assist in the young if there are to many. Tau~ The workers of the pack They are to attend any duty the alpha or higher ranking member asks them to do . Omega~They are the lowest rank of the pack they are picked upon , beaten, and starved half the time, they scrounge for food , they are usually members who lived alone all thier life and are new to pack life until they earn rank . No one wants this rank .! Even the pups have rank over them.! |
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Your travelling through a forest at night, hunting, and you hear a rustling noise in the bush. You get ready for a fight but a wolf steps out. His eyes glare at you like a veil of the stars and more appear behind him. There are adults and pups. The first one howls and the others copy. Another three wolves come out from behind the first. "This is the territory of the Kas'ion wolf tribe, either join or go away", says the leader. He smiles at you, he calls himself Shadow and the other ones beside him, Kairi and Masamune and Ashki. He and his pack walk off through the trees. You frown, then follow. Soon you reach a cleaing and it's morning. Suddenly, Shadow jumps out on you. He assumes you want to join. "Welcome new member, to the Kas'ion wolf tribe, to your left is the Ekibyo mountains, Hinotama falls and Yoko river, and behind me is the valley of the plains, Drakmord valley. Yoko river runs down there and you just stepped out of minomushi forest, our potential denning home and the Tabbis lion forest is to your right, if you wish you can make a den then go there", he says. He howls and all the other wolves around do so too. So then, will you join? Also if you go to the link section there are other locations. If you want a den, email me and tell me how and where you'd like it. Ranks are still open and here they are: Alpha(2):espeon9neo, lil_wed2001 Beta(2):crescentmoon_wolf Hunter/Huntress: yukon69390 Healer(2): Pup watcher(2): Omega(3): When you join could you give us the following information about your wolf: Name: Age: Gender: Personality: Element(up to three):(here they are so far, more coming soon)
water fire lightning ice earth holy dark divine psychic time cloud shapeshifter smoke speed wind ancient hidden strength defense This is still at development stages but there'll be more coming soon! |
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Hierarchy Information
Seraph: Guardian of all in the pack. Original protector of the throne, makes sure God (or the alpha(s)) stay in line. Protects all under his power. Does not abuse this.
Alpha These wolves are the leaders of the pack. They are generally mated but do not have to be. Commonly the most powerful, physically and mentally, wolves in the pack. Both the Alpha Male and Female demand respect from the members of the pack and will recieve it. They make decisions based on what they deem best for the entire pack.
Beta Second only to the Alpha and They are usually mates but do not have to be. They advise the Alphas about decisions and make sure things are going smoothly in the pack. When the Alpha wolves are not available they take charge of the cadre. These wolves are the most trusted in the pack and are very close to the Alpha wolves, often a best friend. They may accept vagrants and observe fights.
Delta This wolf is the cheif advisor to the Alpha on matters of battle, war, and the strength of the pack. He/She leads the warriors of the cadre and trains recruits in the technicalities of battle. Always an extremely capable fighter with a great deal of experience. This wolf initiates friendly spars to test the mettle of his/her warriors and the general members of the pack. He/She is always consulted before a wolf is given the rank of recruit or warrior. He/She may choose to appoint an Epsilon. They may not accept vagrants but are allowed to observe fights.
Gamma This wolf advises the Alpha on the amount of prey in the territory, where it is found most plentifully, and when hunts should be held. He/She leads the pack hunts and should never be argued with on this matter. He/She is always a talented hunter with extensive knowledge on the whereabouts and habits of prey. He/She is always consulted before giving a wolf the specific rank of being a pack hunter. He/She may choose to appoint a Vaega. They may not accept vagrants but are allowed to observe fights.
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A warm breeze blows across your face..making your fur dance in the wind.Your fore paws ache from walking the distance you have come.A howl comes from the distance..mystical yet ghostly..It dances through the wind,reaching your ears.You walk farther into the deep forest..your fur standing on edge..the feeling that you are being watched comes through to you.Your fur bristles,as you turn around.In the darkness a pair of two luminous copper eyes pear at you from behind the brush and trees.A female wolf steps out from behind the trees as you cower,afraid.."Greeting" she says,her voice in a friendly manner."You are welcomed here,as long as you don't harm anything." Then as mysticaly as she came,she dissapeared off into the night.. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Welcome to the Midnight Valley Pack.Post your chars in the database,and ranks will go by dominance.Magic is allowed but no powerplay.Please,no were,god,or winged wolves.Mates don't have to have the same rank.Fighting is allowed,but if you do,you have to play fairly.No RP as some eles's char.But most of all,have fun!!! |
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