After doing more research on "hepatitis B," I found some interesting material. Presumably, the "orthodox" view is best summed up by:
"The causative agent of hepatitis B was isolated and characterised by Professor Blumberg in 1967..."
Source: http://cgkd.anu.edu.au/menus/PDFs/Bellagio2005LuigiPalombi.pdf
This is the kind of statement one might find in an "infectious disease" textbook. However, in 1971, a group of scientists claimed:
"Recently, several investigators described virus-like particles measuring 42 nm. in diameter
among Au antigen in the sera from
cases of serum hepatitis.50 The
presence of these particles throws
strong doubt on the etiological significance of the Au antigen and suggests
that the latter may be a by-product
of viral replication rather than the
virus itself.
The observations reported here confirm the above findings and provide
additional evidence concerning the
possibility of the larger virus-like
particles being the etiological agent
of Au antigen-associated hepatitis;
they also suggest that the Au antigen is a product of viral degradation."
Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1971 January 23; 104(2): 145�?47.
Note that they took samples from three people who were "heavy" drug users. Case number 1:
"He was admitted to North York Branson Hospital on February 26, 1970,
in a paranoid, delusional and suicidal
state. He had been taking large
amounts of all types of 'speed' prior
to admission and had shared needles
and syringes with many acquaintances
who had developed hepatitis
within the year."
Case number 2: "This 18-year-old youth had been on
"speed" and other drugs, including
narcotics, for about one year before
he presented himself at the hospital
on May 15, 1970, complaining of
anorexia, nausea and dark urine along
with right upper abdominal pain. His
family had noticed that he was jaundiced."
Case number 3: "This 15-year-old girl had been using
drugs (marijuana, LSD and mescaline)
for about one year prior to her
admission to hospital on June 7, 1970.
She had taken the drugs both orally
and intravenously. She was admitted
because of the onset of acute pelvic
inflammatory disease characterized by
abdominal pain, vaginal discharge
and fever."
Obviously, the stresses these people were placing on their bodies could cause all kinds of "abnormal" effects, and in order to adhere to the scientific method, a scientist would have to take healthy animals, subject them to these kinds of stresses, and see if the same effects occur, without the possibility of a "viral infection." My research has not been able to detect any such experiment ever being conducted.
Recent evidence, however, suggests that what many scientists have viewed as "viral infection" might be a way the body attempts to deal with such stresses, as well as the effects of too much stress. For example:
Abstract: "Exosomes are small vesicles originating from late endosomes, 30-100 nm in diameter with typical cup-shape morphology. They are reported to bear high levels of a narrow spectrum of molecules involved in immune response and signal transduction. Apart from removing obsolete membrane proteins, some surprising biological functions of exosomes were unveiled recently and their applications in immunotherapy of tumors are currently intensively investigated. Dendritic cell- (DC) and tumor-derived exosomes have considerable anti-tumor effects in experimental studies and several clinical trials. Despite their potential applications in eliciting a "positive" immune response, exosomes might induce some "unwanted" immune responses, such as immune tolerance and immune evasion. Therefore further investigations about the physiological functions of exosomes and the optimal way of exosome application in tumor immunotherapy are necessary. This review presents recent developments in the field of exosome research and focuses on its applications to tumor immunotherapy."
Source: J Cell Mol Med. 2006 Apr-Jun;10(2):364-75.
The wikipedia.org article on exosomes makes these relevant points:
QUOTE: Exosomes are 50-90 nm vesicles secreted by a wide range of mammalian cell types.[1] First discovered in maturing mammalian reticulocytes, they were shown to be a mechanism for selective removal of many plasma membrane proteins.[2] These proteins are lost or reduced in amount, without concomitant degradation, during the maturation to the erythrocyte. Although the exosomal protein composition varies with the cell of origin, most exosomes contain the soluble protein Hsc 70. Certain immune cells, such as dendritic cells and B cells, secrete exosomes that many scientists believe play a functional role in mediating adaptive immune responses to pathogens and tumors.[3]
An exosome is created intracellularly when a segment of the cell membrane spontaneously invaginates and is endocytosed.[1] The internalized segment is broken into smaller vesicles that are subsequently expelled from the cell. The latter stage occurs when the late endosome, containing many small vesicles, fuses with the cell membrane, triggering the release of the vesicles from the cell...
Exosomes can also contain both functional mRNA and microRNA, which can be shuttled from one cell to another, affecting the recipient cell's protein production. This RNA is called "exosomal shuttle RNA..." UNQUOTE.
Note that when "HIV" was sought, what was found was a large amount of these vesicles that get released in this cellular version of a waste disposal (and perhaps recycling) operation. |
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