Let M1 and V1 be for the ascorbic acid solution and M2 and V2 be for the iodine solution.
M1 = 0.002839 M from your calculation.
V1 = 10.0 mL according to the procedure.
M2 = molarity of the iodine solution to solve for.
V2 = volume of iodine solution used to titrate the ascorbic acid solution = 12.35 mL.
That's it! The formula M1V1 = M2V2 works because the reaction between ascorbic acid and iodine is one-to-one. Volume in mL times molarity = mmoles, so this formula is actually "mmoles of ascorbic acid = mmoles of iodine" if mL volumes are used for V1 and V2. You do not have to convert the volumes to liters here.
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