The Wakan Circle

˜Vowels

Character We Use:	Sometimes Also Used:	IPA symbol:	How To Pronounce It:
a	aa		Like the a in father.
à	, a		Like the a in what.
e	ee	e	Like the e sound in Spanish, similar to the a in Kate.
è	ε, e	ε	Like the e in net.
ë	ə, u	ə	Schwa sound like the e in roses.
i	ii	i	Like the i in police.
ì	I, i	I	Like the i in pit.
o	oo	o	Like the o in note.
ò	, au		Like the au in caught.
u	uu	u	Like the u in tune.
ù	U, u		Like the u in put.

˜Diphthongs

Character We Use:	Sometimes Also Used:	IPA symbol:	How To Pronounce It:
aw	ow, au	aw	Like ow in English cow.
ay	ai	aj	Like English eye.

˜Consonants

Character We Use:	Sometimes Also Used:	IPA symbol:	How To Pronounce It:
č	ch, c, j	t~d	Like ch in char or j in jar (see Voicing, below).
h		h	Like h in English hay.
k	g	k ~ g	Like k in skate or g in gate (see Voicing, below).
kw	kw	kw~k^w	Usually it is pronounced like qu in English queen, but at the end of a word, it is pronounced more like a k with a puff of air after it.
l		l	Like l in English light.
m		m	Like m in English moon.
n		n	Like n in English night.
p	b	p ~ b	Like p in spill or b in bill (see Voicing, below).
s	z	s ~ z	Like s in Sue or z in zoo (see Voicing, below).
š	sh, sch, zh	~	Like sh in shy or ge sound at the end of mirage (see Voicing, below).
t	d	t ~ d	Like t in sty or d in die (see Voicing, below).
w		w	Like w in English way.
x	ch, kh	x ~	Guttural sound that doesn't exist in English. Like ch in German ach or g in Spanish saguaro (see Voicing, below).
y		j	Like y in English yes.

˜Consonant Voicing

Some pairs of consonants that are distinct in English are merged in Lenape. These pairs of consonants are:

k and g

p and b

t and d

s and z

č and j

When they come after an m or n, these consonants are always pronounced voiced (as g, b, d, z, and j.) Anywhere else in a word, these consonants are pronounced voiceless (as k, p, t, s, and č.)

For example:

tun is pronounced tun

ntun is pronounced ndun

mëpi is pronounced mëpi

mpi is pronounced mbi

In the southern Lenape dialect today, n's and m's are not usually pronounced when they appear in consonant clusters at the beginning of a word. So the word ntun is simply pronounced dun by those speakers, and the word mpi is simply pronounced bi. When the word is pronounced in a sentence after a vowel, however, the n or m is still pronounced, such as nëmëne mpi, I drink the water, which is pronounced nëmëne mbi, the same as the northern dialect.

˜Stress

Lenape has less pronounced word stress than English does. In English, unstressed vowels are often weakened to schwas, which makes the stress sound very strong. (An example of this is the word "rebel." When "rebel" is a noun, the stress is on the first syllable and the word is pronounced REH-bəl. When "rebel" is a verb, the stress is on the second syllable and the word is pronounced rə-BELL.) But in Lenape, all vowels are pronounced fully regardless of stress. If you weaken an unstressed vowel to a schwa you will often change the meaning of the word, so be careful not to do this!

Although stress is less pronounced than it is in English, it is still present. A stressed syllable is usually pronounced with slightly higher pitch in Lenape. Generally speaking, the stress is on the second to last syllable of an Lenape word. However, there are many exceptions, and some modern Lenape orthographies mark a word's stress with an acute accent, like á, or by underlining the stressed vowel, like a.

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